Latin II Welcome-Back Review! 1st and 2nd declension nouns

Declension review!

Nouns are the names of persons places or things.

Latin Nouns Have 4 Features Case---how a noun works in its sentence. Number---whether a noun is singular or plural (singular=one, plural=more than one) Gender---whether a noun is masculine, feminine, or neuter. Declension---each noun belongs to one of the 5 declensions: groups of nouns that share the same pattern of endings

In Latin, the use of the noun is determined by its case ending, not its place in the sentence. There are five cases: Nominative - subject and predicate nominative Genitive – possession Dative - indirect object Accusative - direct object Ablative – (various)

1st Declension Nouns Let’s learn how to write a 1st declension noun on its “declension chart.” A declension chart shows the noun in all its cases (spellings). For example…

AQUAM AQUIS AQUA AQUAE AQUĀ AQUAS AQUARUM

1st Declension Nouns aqua, aquae (feminine) :water 1st declension nouns end in –ae in their genitive form (the 2nd form listed in the vocab list). Most 1st declension nouns are feminine. aqua, aquae (feminine) :water

Step 1 – Find the noun stem The noun stem is found by dropping the genitive singular ending from the noun. Dictionary entry of a noun: Puella puellae, f. girl Meaning Genitive singular Gender Nominative singular Puellae – ae = puell Noun Stem

Finding noun stems aqua, aquae (f.) aqu- insula, insulae (f.) insul- silva, silvae (f.) silv- via, viae (f.) vi-

In Latin, the endings indicate the case of the noun. Write these down! (Endings) Case Singular Plural Nominative a ae Genitive ae arum Dative ae is Accusative am as Ablative ā is Example: insularum = plural genitive

Step 2: Add the case endings to the noun stem. Singular Plural Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative On your whiteboard, decline the following 2 nouns: via, viae (f.) and aqua, aquae (f.)

Let’s Review! 2ND DECLENSION: Nouns that have –i in their genitive singular are 2nd declension. amicus, amici (m.) vir, viri (m.) ager, agri (m.)

Dictionary entry of a noun: servus servi, m. slave Step 1 – Find the noun stem The noun stem is found by dropping the genitive singular ending from the noun. Dictionary entry of a noun: servus servi, m. slave Nominative singular Genitive singular Gender Meaning servi – i = serv- Noun Stem

Dictionary entry of a noun: ager agri, m. field Step 1 – Find the noun stem The noun stem is found by dropping the genitive singular ending from the noun. Dictionary entry of a noun: ager agri, m. field Meaning Nominative singular Genitive singular Gender agri – i = agr- Noun Stem

Nominative servus servi Genitive servi servorum Dative servo servis In Latin, the endings indicate the case of the noun. servus, servi (m.) --- slave Case Singular Plural Nominative servus servi Genitive servi servorum Dative servo servis Accusative servum servos Ablative servo servis

Accusative agrum agros Ablative agro agris By following the stem rule, a word like “ager” loses its “-e” after the first form. ager, agri (m.) --- field Case Singular Plural Nominative ager agri Genitive agri agrorum Dative agro agris Accusative agrum agros Ablative agro agris

Let’s Review: Neuter Nouns 2nd declension neuter nouns have –um in the nominative case and –i in the genitive case. frumentum, frumenti (n.) signum, signi (n.)

Dictionary entry of a noun: signum signi, n. sign Find the noun stem The noun stem is found by dropping the genitive singular ending from the noun. Dictionary entry of a noun: signum signi, n. sign Meaning Genitive singular Gender Nominative singular signi – i = sign- Noun Stem

Neuter Rule The nominative and accusative cases of neuter nouns always have the same endings. The plural nominative and accusative ending of neuter nouns is always –A.

Nominative signum signa Genitive signi signorum Dative signo signis Neuter Nouns have the same endings as masculine, except for 3 differences. signum, signi (n.) --- sign Case Singular Plural Nominative signum signa Genitive signi signorum Dative signo signis Accusative signum signa Ablative signo signis

WARNING! We’ve seen that neuter nom/acc plurals end in –a. Remember that 1st declension singular words can end in –a, too! If a word ends in –a and is feminine or masculine, it’s singular. (It’s 1st declension.) puella, casa, agricola: girl, house, farmer

WARNING! If a word ends in –a and is neuter, it’s plural. (2nd declension neuter) signa, praemia, consilia: signs, rewards, plans Look in the glossary or vocab list if you’ve forgotten the gender. It’s not magic…it’s just a matter of looking up the gender!

Singular Plural Nom. -a -ae Gen. -ae -arum Dat. -ae -is Acc. -am -as Abl. -a -is 1st Declension 2nd Declension Masculine 2nd Declension Neuter Singular Plural Nom. -us/-er/-ir -i Gen. -i -orum Dat. -o -is Acc. -um -os Abl. -o -is Singular Plural Nom. -um -a Gen. -i -orum Dat. -o -is Acc. -um -a Abl. -o -is

Decline ancilla, ancillae (f.) Singular Plural Nom. -a -ae Gen. -ae -arum Dat. -ae -is Acc. -am -as Abl. -a -is 1st Declension Decline ager, agri (m.) Decline oppidum, oppidi (n.) 2nd Declension Masculine 2nd Declension Neuter Singular Plural Nom. -us/-er/-ir -i Gen. -i -orum Dat. -o -is Acc. -um -os Abl. -o -is Singular Plural Nom. -um -a Gen. -i -orum Dat. -o -is Acc. -um -a Abl. -o -is

Name That Declension! 1st umbra, umbrae (f.) shadow oppidum, oppidi (n.) town lupus, lupi (m.) wolf luna, lunae (f.) moon vir, viri (m.) man nasus, nasi (m.) nose mensa, mensae (f.) table 2nd (n.) 2nd (m.) 1st 2nd (m.) 2nd (m.) 1st

Give the CASE and NUMBER for the following forms. umbra oppida lupis lunarum vir naso mensā Nom. Sg. nasorum viri lupum oppidi umbram lunae mensas Gen. Pl. Nom./Acc. Pl. Gen. Sg./Nom. Pl. Dat./Abl. Pl. Acc. Sg. Gen. Pl. Gen. Sg. Nom. Sg. Acc. Sg. Dat./Abl. Sg. Gen./Dat. Sg., Nom. Pl. Acc. Pl. Abl. Sg.

Singular Plural Nom. cura curae Gen. curae curarum Dat. curae curis Acc. curam curas Abl. curā curis 1st Declension 2nd Declension Masculine 2nd Declension Neuter Singular Plural Nom. lorum lora Gen. lori lororum Dat. loro loris Acc. lorum lora Abl. loro loris Singular Plural Nom. lupus lupi Gen. lupi luporum Dat. lupo lupis Acc. lupum lupos Abl. lupo lupis