Chapter 10: Imperfect Weak Verbs

הִנֵּה מַה־טּוֹב וּמַה־נָּעִים שֶׁבֶת אַחִים גַּם־ יָֽחַד׃ הִנֵּה מַה־טּוֹב וּמַה־נָּעִים שֶׁבֶת אַחִים גַּם־ יָֽחַד׃ as one brothers dwell and how pleasant how good behold  How good and pleasant it is when brothers live together in unity! (repeat) Chorus: הִנֵּה מַה־טּוֹב שֶׁבֶת אַחִים גַּם־ יָֽחַד׃ How good when brothers live together in unity!

שְׁמַע יִשְׂרָאֵל יְהוָה אֱלֹהֵינוּ יְהוָה אֶחָֽד׃ (Deut. 6:4) 4.L. Sing: Shema lullaby שְׁמַע יִשְׂרָאֵל יְהוָה אֱלֹהֵינוּ יְהוָה אֶחָֽד׃ (Deut. 6:4) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pIOpZ9fQLbU&t=0s&list=PLnNXzYjQerJia_ 8yTy8OrM2K-BiN5OEup&index=2 or search Youtube for: “Shema Lullaby Judy Ginsburgh” Shabbat Shalom Medley https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=- MBgACM_LcE&list=RDEMSL0J_ngrs5U8EoQWZITH5w&index=9

שָׁלוֹם בּוֹקֶר טוֹב good morning Hello מַה נִשְׁמַע How’s it going? Speak Hebrew שָׁלוֹם בּוֹקֶר טוֹב good morning Hello מַה נִשְׁמַע How’s it going? it going how’s כֹּל בְּסֶדֶר תּוֹדָה thanks okay All, לְהִתְרָאוֹת Good-bye

8.J. Speak: Lesson 8 Imperfects כַּמָה זֶה?, כֵּן Yes, how much is it? אֵין לִי ,אֲנִי מִצְטַעֵר I don’t have any, I’m sorry בְּסֵדֶר הַכֹּל All right דַּי Enough/stop it לְהִתְרָאוֹת Good-bye

א ב ג ד ה ו ז ח ט י כ ל מ נ ס ע פ צ ק ר שׂ שׁ ת Alphabet Song א ב ג ד ה ו ז ח ט י כ ל מ נ ס ע פ צ ק ר שׂ שׁ ת

Vanquishing the Vowel בָּ(ה) בַּ בֲּ בֵּ(י) בֶּ(י) בֱּ בִּי בִּ Long Short Half Vowel Type בָּ(ה) BAh -- Qāmeṣ בַּ bAh -- Pataḥ בֲּ Bah -- Ḥatēf-pataḥ A - type בֵּ(י) Bay – Ṣerê (Yôd) בֶּ(י) Beh – Seghôl (Yôd) בֱּ Beh – Ḥatēf-Seghôl E - type בִּי Bee -- Ḥîreq Yôd בִּ Bi(t)-- Ḥîreq   I - Type בֹּ(וֹ) Bow– Ḥôlem (Vāv) בָּ Bow-- Qāmeṣ Ḥatûf בֳּ Bow-- Ḥatēf Qāmeṣ O - Type בּוּ Booh—Šûreq (rule) בֻּ Booh-- Qibbûṣ U - Type בְּ Beh—vocal Ševā’ בַּבְ- (בְ) Bah-v—silent Ševā

Qal Perfect Chant 1CS שָׁמַרְתִּי I guarded 1 CP שָׁמַרְנוּ we guarded 2 MS שָׁמַרְתָּ you (m.) guarded 2 MP שְׁמַרְתֶּם you (m.) guarded 2 FS שָׁמַרְתְּ you (f.) guarded 2 FP שְׁמַרְתֶּן you (f.) guarded 3 MS שָׁמַר he guarded 3 CP שָֽׁמְרוּ they guarded 3 FS שָֽׁמְרָה she guarded

דָּבָר  דְּבַר דְּבָרִים  דִּבְרֵי Noun Chant Masculine דָּבָר  דְּבַר דְּבָרִים  דִּבְרֵי Feminine תּוֹרָה  תּוֹרַת תּוֹרוֺת  תּוֹרוֹת  Dual: יָד  יָדַיִם יַד  יְדֵי

Chant Personal Pronouns 1st common אֲנִי I אֲנַחְנוּ we 2nd masc. אַתָּה you (m.) אַתֶּם you /ye / you all (m.) 2nd fem. אַתְּ you (f.) אַתֶּן you / ye / you all (f.) 3rd masc. הוּא he / it הֵם they (m.) 3rd fem. הִיא she / it הֵן they (f.)

Chant: Preposition with Pronominal Suffixes 1 CS בִּי in me 1 CP בָּנוּ in us 2 MS בְּךָ in you (m.) 2 MP בָּכֶם in you (m.) 2 FS בְּךְ in you (f.) 2 FP בָּכֶן in you (f.) 3 MS בּוֹ in him 3 MP בָּהֶם in them (m.) 3 FS בָּהּ in her 3 FP בָּהֶן in them (f.)

Demonstrative Pronouns: this and that This / these that / those who, which זֶה אֵלֶּה הוּא הֵמָה / הֵם אֲשֶׁר זֹאת אֵלֶּה הִיא הֵנָּה / הֵן

Qal Imperfect Chant 1CS אֶשְׁמֹר 1CP נִשְׂמֹר 2MS תִּשְׁמֹר 2MP תִּשְׁמְרוּ 2FS תִּשְׁמְרִי 2FP תִּשְׁמֹרְנָה 3MS יִשְׁמֹר 3MP יִשְׁמְרוּ 3FS תִּשְׁמֹר 3FP תִּשְׁמֹרְנָה

9. F. Chant: Qal Perfect Weak Verb ‘Ayin-Yôd/Vāv Lāmed-Hē קוּם בָּנָה נָתַן to rise to build to give 1CS קַמְתִּי בָּנִיתִי נָתַתִּי 2MP קַמְתֶּם בְּנִיתֶם נְתַתֶּם 3CP קָמוּ בָּנוּ נָתְנוּ בָּנְתָה (3fs)

10.A. Introduction to Weak Verbs There are two nomenclatures used for tackling the weak verbs built off the tri-consonantal root. Traditionally the word פָּעַל (to do, make) is used to designate how the ten weak verbs are then classed (cf. Kelly, Weingreen): Pē position: Position I -- פָּעַל Pē-Nûn [נָפַל ], --to fall Pē-Yôd [יָשַׂב ], -- to sit, dwell Pē-’Ālef [אָמַר ], -- to say Pē-Guttural [ עָמַד]; -- to stand

10.A. Introduction to Weak Verbs ‘Ayin position: Position II -- פָּעַל ‘Ayin-Yôd/Vāv [קוּם], ‘Ayin guttural [בָּחַר ], Double ‘Ayin [ תָּמַם]; and

10.A. Introduction to Weak Verbs Lāmed position / position: III -- פָּעַל Lāmed-Hē [בָּנָה ], Lāmed-guttural [שָׁמַע], Lāmed-’Ālef [מָצָא ].

10.B. Ι. Pē position--weak and guttural Regular Pē-Nûn, Pē-Yôd, Pē-’Ālef Pē-Guttural שָׁמַר נָפַל יָשַׁב אָמַר עָמַד to keep to fall to dwell to say to stand

10.B. Ι. Pē position--weak and guttural 1CS אֶשְׁמֹר אֶפֹּל אֵשֵׁב אֹמַר אֵעֱמֹד 2MS תִּשְׁמֹר תִּפֹּל תֵּשֵׁב תֹּאמַר תַּעֲמֹד 2FS תִּשְׁמְרִי תּפְּלִי תֵּשְׁבִי תֹּאמְרִי תַּעַמְדִי 3MS יִשְׁמֹר יִפֹּל יֵשֵב יֹאמַר יַעֲמֹד 3FS תִּשְׁמֹר תִּפֹּל תֵּשֵׁב תֹּאמַר תַּעֲמֹד

10.B. Ι. Pē position--weak and guttural 1CP נִשְׁמֹר נֵשֵׁב נִפֹּל נֹאמַר נַעֲמֹד 2MP תֵּשְׁבוּ תִּפְּלוּ תִּשְׁמְרוּ תֹּאמְרוּ תַּעַמְדוּ 2FP תִּפֹּלְנָה תִּשְׁמֹרְנָה תֵּשַׁבְנָה תֹּאמַרְנָה תַּעֲמֹדְנָה 3MP יִשְׁמְרוּ יֵשְׁבוּ יִפְּלוּ יֹאמְרוּ יַעַמְדוּ 3FP תִּשְׁמֹרְנָה תִּפֹּלְנָה תֵּשַׁבְנָה תֹּאמַרְנָה תַּעֲמֹדְנָה

Observations on Ι. Pē position weak or guttural: אֶפֹּל תִּפֹּל נָפַל the initial נְ drops when the prefixes are added and the second consonant is doubled with a dagesh. The rest is regular for whatever suffixes are added. יָשַׁב the initial י drops and the prefixes are added with a Ṣerê. Vocalic suffixes are added normally with the שְׁ featuring the normal ševā’. When there are no suffixes שֵׁ is used and שַׁ with the consonantal suffix נָה.

Observations on Ι. Pē position weak or guttural: אָמַר has the א quiesce/drop adding the prefix with a Ḥôlem over the initial א. With no suffixes the Ḥôlem drops to a Ṣerê under the second consonant (מֵ ) . With the consonantal suffix נָה the vowel under the מ drops from Ḥôlem to a מַ (Pataḥ). With vocalic suffixes drop the vowel under the מ to a normal ševā’(מְ ). For the 1CS the א prefix just drops out totally.

Observations on Ι. Pē position weak or guttural: עָמַד First off the prefixes are added with a Pataḥ (תַּ, יַ) instead of the normal Ḥîreq except the 1CS is אֵ. Under the guttural the Pataḥ replaces the ševā’ as would be expected (עַ, except the 1CS goes to עֱ ). When the vocalic suffixes are added the Ḥatēf-pataḥ (עֲ ) goes upgrades to a full Pataḥ (עַ ).

10.B. Chant: Ι. Pē position--weak guttural Regular Pē-Nûn, Pē-Yôd, Pē-’Ālef Pē-Guttural תִּשְׁמֹר נָפַל יָשַׁב אָמַר עָמַד 2MS/3FS תִּפֹּל תֵּשֵׁב תֹּאמַר תַּעֲמֹד

10.C. II. ‘Ayin position weak or guttural: Regular ‘Ayin-Yôd/Vāv ‘Ayin guttural Double ‘Ayin שָׁמַר קוּם בָּחַר תָּמַם to keep to rise to choose to complete

10.C. II. ‘Ayin position weak or guttural: 1CS אֵתַם אֶבְחַר אָקוּם אֶשְׁמֹר 2MS תִּשְׁמֹר תָּקוּם תִּבְחַר תֵּתַם 2FS תִּשְׁמְרִי תָּקוּמִי תִּבְחֲרִי תֵּתַמִּי 3MS יָקוּם יִשְׁמֹר יִבְחַר יֵתַם 3FS תִּשְׁמֹר תָּקוּם תִּבְחַר תֵּתַם

10.C. II. ‘Ayin position weak or guttural: 1CP נִשְׁמֹר נָקוּם נִבְחַר נֵתַם 2MP תָּקוּמוּ תִּשְׁמְרוּ תִּבְחֲרוּ תֵּתַמּוּ 2FP תִּשְׁמֹרְנָה תְּקוּמֶינָה תִּבְחַרְנָה תְּתַמֶּינָה 3MP יָקוּמוּ יִשְׁמְרוּ יִבְחֲרוּ יֵתַמּוּ 3FP תִּשְׁמֹרְנָה תְּקוּמֶינָה תִּבְחַרְנָה תְּתַמֶּינָה

Observations on II. ‘Ayin position weak or guttural: In the ‘Ayin-Yôd/Vāv or middle weak you can see that the וּ in קוּם drops out and with vocalic suffixes it goes to a qāmeṣ and if the suffix added is a consonantal suffix it is added normally but the vowel under the ק goes to a pataḥ. It is pretty easy to recognize which gender, number and person are being referred to.

Observations on II. ‘Ayin position weak or guttural: In the ‘Ayin guttural (בָּחַר ) the consonantal suffixes are added normally leaving things the same as the regular verb that you know (שָׁמַר ). When the vocalic suffixes are added the ševā’ goes to a Ḥatēf-pataḥ as one would expect under a guttural. The holem with the second consonant is exchanged for a patah as one would expect.

Observations on II. ‘Ayin position weak or guttural: In the Double ‘Ayin ( תָּמַם ) the base for becomes תַּם. Prefixes are added with a sere. Any suffix doubles the final consonant.

10.C. Chant II. ‘Ayin position weak guttural: Regular ‘Ayin-Yôd/Vāv ‘Ayin guttural Double ‘Ayin תִּשְׁמֹר קוּם בָּחַר תָּמַם 2MS/3FS תָּקוּם תִּבְחַר תֵּתַם

10.D. III. Lāmed position weak and guttural: Regular Lāmed-Hē Lāmed-guttural Lāmed-’Ālef שָׁמַר בָּנָה שָׁלַח מָצָא to keep to build to send to find

10.D. III. Lāmed position weak and guttural: 1CS אֶמְצָא אֶשְׁלַח אֶבְנֶה אֶשְׁמֹר 2MS תִּשְׁמֹר תִּבְנֶה תִּשְׁלַח תִּמְצָא 2FS תִּשְׁמְרִי תִּבְנִי תִּשְׁלְחִי תִּמְצְאִי 3MS יִשְׁלַח יִבְנֶה יִשְׁמֹר יִמְצָא 3FS תִּשְׁמֹר תִּבְנֶה תִּשְׁלַח תִּמְצָא

10.D. III. Lāmed position weak and guttural: 1CP נִשְׁמֹר נִבְנֶה נִשְׁלַח נִמְצָא 2MP תִּבְנוּ תִּשְׁמְרוּ תִּשְׁלְחוּ תִּמְצְאוּ 2FP תִּבְנֶינָה תִּשְׁמֹרְנָה תִּשְׁלַחְנָה תִּמְצֶאנָה 3MP יִבְנוּ יִשְׁמְרוּ יִשְׁלְחוּ יִמְצְאוּ 3FP תִּשְׁמֹרְנָה תִּבְנֶינָה תִּשְׁלַחְנָה תִּמְצֶאנָה

Observations on III. Lāmed position weak and guttural: The Lāmed-Hē add the consonantal suffixes by inserting a ִי (Ḥîreq Yôd) knowing the dagesh out of the ת suffixed ending. The vocalic ending of the 3CP just drops the ָה and tags the וּ 3CP ending on as one would expect (בָּנוּ) but the 3FS ending is added on with a strange תָה (בָּנְתָה).

Observations on III. Lāmed position weak and guttural: The Lāmed-guttural is absolutely regular adding the suffixes the same way that שָׁמַר does. No surprises there. In the case of Lāmed-’Ālef the ’Ālef just remains silent dropping the normal ševā’ and the dagesh in the ת when the consonantal endings are added. The vocalic suffixes are added directly to the root as would be expected.

10.D. Chant: III. Lāmed position: Regular Lāmed-Hē Lāmed-guttural Lāmed-’Ālef תִּשְׁמֹר בָּנָה שָׁלַח מָצָא 2MS/3FS תִּבְנֶה תִּשְׁלַח תִּמְצָא

9.E. Very frequent verbs with double variation: הָיָה, נָתַן and עָשָׂה Regular שָׁמַר הָיָה נָתַן עָשָׂה to keep to be to give to do, make

9.E. Very frequent verbs with double variation: הָיָה, נָתַן and עָשָׂה 1CS אֶשְׁמֹר אֵהְיֶה אֶתֵּן אֵעֱשֶׂה 2MS תִּשְׁמֹר תִּהְיֶה תִּתֵּן תַּעֲשֶׂה 2FS תִּשְׁמְרִי תִּהְיִי תִּתְנִי תַּעֲשִׂי 3MS יִשְׁמֹר יִהְיֶה יִּתֵּן יַעֲשֶׂה 3FS תִּשְׁמֹר תִּהְיֶה תִּתֵּן תַּעֲשֶׂה

9.E. Very frequent verbs with double variation: הָיָה, נָתַן and עָשָׂה 1CP נִשְׁמֹר נִהְיֶה נִתֵּן נַעֲשֶׂה 2MP תִּהְיוּ תִּשְׁמְרוּ תִּתְּנוּ תַּעֲשׂוּ 2FP תִּשְׁמֹרְנָה תִּהְיֶינָה תִּתֵּנָּה תַּעֲשֶׂינָה 3MP שָׁמְרוּ יִהְיוּ יִתְּנוּ יַעֲשׂוּ 3FP תִּשְׁמֹרְנָה תִּהְיֶינָה תִּתֵּנָּה תַּעֲשֶׂינָה

Observations: הָיָה (to be) adds consonantal suffixes just like the Lāmed-Hē verbs with a ִי connecting vowel and dropping the dagesh from the suffixed ת. נָתַן (to give) drops the final nûn when a consonant suffix is added. The dagesh in the suffixed ת is retained. The vocalic suffixes are added as is regular.

Observations: עָשָׂה (to do, make) adds consonantal suffixes with the Lāmed-Hē verbal ִי connecting vowel as expected. With the heavy consonantal suffixes (תֶּם and תֶּן) the initial ševā’ goes to a Ḥatēf- pataḥ because gutturals like ע do not take a simple ševā’ preferring a pataḥ type vowel.

10.G. Chapter 10 Vocabulary List נַעַר lad, youth, attendant 240 בָּנָה to build 375 חָטָא to miss, sin, offend 238 מוּת to die 842 מָצָא to find 455

10.G. Chapter 10 Vocabulary List נָפַל to fall 434 עָלָה to go up, ascend 889 עָמַד to stand 522 קוּם to rise, arise, stand 627 שָׁלַח to send, stretch out, dismiss 847

10.H. Speak: Lesson 10 Days and times What time is it today? Is it Wednesday? הָיָה יוֹם רְבִִי? מַה הַשָּׁעָה הַיּוֹם? It is Thursday evening. Wednesday was yesterday. הָיָה יוֹם חֲמִיּשִׁי בְּעֶרֶב. יוֹם רְבִי הָיָה אֶתְמוֹל. No, Friday morning is tomorrow. לֹא, יוֹם שִׁשִׁי הָיָה מָחָר Perhaps we will come Sunday afternoon. אוּלַי נָבוֹא בּיּוֹם רִִאשׁוֹן אַחַר הַצָּהֳרִים Good night, it’s really Monday לַילָה טוֹב, הָיָה בְּאֶמֶת יוֹם שֵׁנִי No, good morning Tuesday. לֹא, בֹּקֶר טוֹב, הָיָה יוֹם שְׁלִישִׁי

10.B. Chant: Ι. Pē position--weak guttural Regular Pē-Nûn, Pē-Yôd, Pē-’Ālef Pē-Guttural תִּשְׁמֹר נָפַל יָשַׁב אָמַר עָמַד 2MS/3FS תִּפֹּל תֵּשֵׁב תֹּאמַר תַּעֲמֹד

10.C. Chant II. ‘Ayin position weak guttural: Regular ‘Ayin-Yôd/Vāv ‘Ayin guttural Double ‘Ayin תִּשְׁמֹר קוּם בָּחַר תָּמַם 2MS/3FS תָּקוּם תִּבְחַר תֵּתַם

10.D. Chant: III. Lāmed position: Regular Lāmed-Hē Lāmed-guttural Lāmed-’Ālef תִּשְׁמֹר בָּנָה שָׁלַח מָצָא 2MS/3FS תִּבְנֶה תִּשְׁלַח תִּמְצָא

10.G. Chapter 10 Vocabulary List lad, youth, attendant נַעַר to build בָּנָה to miss, sin, offend חָטָא to die מוּת

10.G. Chapter 10 Vocabulary List to find מָצָא to fall נָפַל to go up, ascend עָלָה to stand עָמַד

10.G. Chapter 10 Vocabulary List to rise, arise, stand קוּם to send, stretch out, dismiss שָׁלַח

9.G. Chapter 9 Vocabulary List to come in, enter, bring in בּוֹא to know יָדַע to go out יָצָא to sit, dwell יָשַׁב

9.G. Chapter 9 Vocabulary List to take לָקַח to turn, return, repent שׁוּב to give נָתַן to do, make עָשָׂה

9.G. Chapter 9 Vocabulary List to call, announce קָרָא to see, understand רָאָה

8.I. Chapter 8 Vocabulary List after, behind אַחֲרֵי no, not, nothing אַל to bless, praise בָּרַךְ David דָּוִד

8.I. Chapter 8 Vocabulary List also, even, moreover גָּם what? how? מָה to rule, be king מָלַךְ to visit, number, appoint פָּקַד

8.I. Chapter 8 Vocabulary List under, below תַּחַת Moses מֹשֶׁה

7. I. Chapter 7 Vocabulary List Moses מֹשֶׁה good טוֹב great גָּדוֹל

7. I. Chapter 7 Vocabulary List much, many, great רַב very (adv.), might (N.) מְאֹד

7. I. Chapter 7 Vocabulary List this (m.s. / f.s.) זֹאת / זֶה face, front פָּנִים year שָׁנָה heart, mind לֵבָב / לֵב

7. I. Chapter 7 Vocabulary List there, thither שָׁם thus, so כֵּן

6.L. Chapter 6 Vocabulary List spring, eye עַ֫יִן servant, slave עֶ֫בֶד Priest כֹּהֵן Egypt מִצְרַ֫יִם

6.L. Chapter 6 Vocabulary List Brother אָח who, which, because אֲשֶׂר Head רֹאשׁ Daughter בַּת

6.L. Chapter 6 Vocabulary List Water מַ֫יִם man, mankind, Adam אָדָם

5.G. Chapter 5 Vocabulary List to, into, towards אֶל in, at, with, among, from בְּ like, as כְּ because, that, for, when כִּי

5.G. Chapter 5 Vocabulary List for, to, until, towards לְ from, out of, because, since מִן until, while, toward עַד town, city עִיר

5.G. Chapter 5 Vocabulary List on, upon, above, over עַל with עִם

Chapter 4 Vocabulary List son, descendant בֵּן all, each, every כֹּל way, road דֶּ֫רֶךְ hand, forearm יָד

Chapter 4 Vocabulary List name שֵׁם behold! lo! הִנֵּה soul, life נֶ֫פֶשׁ heavens, sky שָׁמִַ֫יִם

Chapter 4 Vocabulary List to hear, listen, obey שָׁמַע law, instruction תּוֹרָה

Chapter 3 Vocabulary אָב אָמַר father, ancestor God, god אֱלֹהִים to say אָמַר house, palace, dynasty בַּ֫יִת

Chapter 3 Vocabulary הָיָה זָכַר עַם to be, become, happen to remember, mention זָכַר to write כָּתַב people עַם

Chapter 3 Vocabulary קָטַל to slay, kill to keep, watch over, guard שָׁמַר

land, earth, ground Chapter 2 Vocabulary אֶ֫רֶץ man, human אִישׁ woman, wife אִשָּׁה word, matter, thing דָּבָר

Chapter 2 Vocabulary to go, walk הָלַךְ Yahweh, Jehovah, LORD יְהוָה day, daylight, time יוֺם Israel יִשְׂרָאֵל

Chapter 2 Vocabulary no, not לֹא king, ruler, prince מֶ֫לֶךְ