Communication in Nursing Therapeutic vs. Nontherapeutic

Levels of Communication Intrapersonal Interpersonal Transpersonal Small-Group Public

Basic Elements of Communication Process Referent Sender and Receiver Message Channels Feedback

Forms of Communication Verbal Vocabulary Denotative and Connotative Meaning Pacing Intonation Clarity and Brevity Timing and Relevance

Forms of Communication Nonverbal Personal Appearance Posture & Gait Facial Expressions Eye Contact Gestures Territoriality and Personal Space

Elements of Professional Communication Courtesy Use of Names Privacy and Confidentiality Trustworthiness Autonomy and Responsibility Assertiveness

Therapeutic Communication Techniques Active Listening Sharing Observations Shared Empathy Sharing Hope Sharing Humor Sharing Feelings Use of touch

Therapeutic Communication Techniques Using Silence Asking Relevant Questions Paraphrasing Clarifying Focusing Summarizing Self-Disclosure

Non-Therapeutic Communication Techniques Asking personal questions Giving personal opinions Changing the subject Automatic responses False Assurance Sympathy Asking for Explanations

Non-Therapeutic Communication Techniques Approval or Disapproval Defensive Responses Passive or Aggressive Responses Arguing

Special Needs Communication Clients who cannot speak clearly (Aphasia, Muteness) Clients who are cognitively impaired Clients who are unresponsive Language barriers Hearing Difficulties

Developmental Aspects of Communication Infants Toddlers & preschoolers School age children Adolescents