1. Chapter 15
Communication

2. Communication Process
Transmission of thoughts, feelings, facts, and other information
Includes verbal and nonverbal behavior

3. Components of the Communication Process
Sender
Message
Channel
Receiver
Feedback

4. Factors Influencing Communication
Perception
Cultural context
Space and distance
Time

5. Levels of Communication
Intrapersonal
Messages one sends to oneself
Interpersonal
Messages between two people
Group
Messages among three or more people

6. Modes of Communication
Verbal messages
Spoken
Written
(continued)

7. Modes of Communication
Nonverbal messages
Facial expression
Posture
Gestures
Touch
Physical appearance and artifacts

8. Metacommunication Relationship aspect of communication
Refers to all factors that influence how message received
Focuses on communication process
Rather than just content

9. Types of Communication
Interdisciplinary
Therapeutic

10. Interdisciplinary Communication
Necessary to discuss assessment, intervention outcomes, and client status
Breakdown of communication can interfere with client’s treatment

11. Therapeutic Communication
Purpose:
Create beneficial outcome for client

12. Principles of Therapeutic Communication
Plan at appropriate time
Ensure privacy
Establish guidelines
Provide for comfort
Accept client
Encourage spontaneity
(continued)

13. Principles of Therapeutic Communication
Focus on client
Encourage expression of feelings
Be aware of own feelings

14. Therapeutic Approaches with Clients
Offering self
Opening broadly
Being silent
Making open-ended comments
Reflecting
Restating
Exploring
Recognizing
(continued)

15. Therapeutic Approaches with Clients
Focusing
Directing
Verbalizing the implied
Making observations
Clarifying
Confronting
Limiting setting

16. Barriers to Therapeutic Communication
Language differences
Cultural differences
Gender
Health status
Developmental level
Knowledge differences
(continued)

17. Barriers to Therapeutic Communication
Emotional distance
Emotions
Daydreaming
Use of health care jargon

18. Communication Blocks Reassuring Agreeing Approving Defending
Using closed questions
Using stereotyped comments
Changing focus
(continued)

19. Communication Blocks Judging Blaming Belittling Advising Rejecting
Disapproving
Probing

20. Communication, Critical Thinking, and the Nursing Process
Nurses carefully formulate questions and propose answers through critical thinking
Nursing process based on competencies of interpersonal skills and critical thinking

21. Communication and the Nursing Process
Assessment
Asking questions
Observing nonverbal behavior
Reading medical records
(continued)

22. Communication and the Nursing Process
Diagnosis
Posing questions during analysis and clustering of data
Talking to determine perception of needs and problems
(continued)

23. Communication and the Nursing Process
Planning and outcome identification
Talking to determine areas of concern and formulate goals and objectives
Having meetings with co-workers to develop plans of care
Writing and reading care plans
(continued)

24. Communication and the Nursing Process
Implementation
Gathering input to determine most appropriate intervention or method of responding
(continued)

25. Communication and the Nursing Process
Evaluation
Directing communication to critique client’s response to interventions