The Classification of Plants Plant Diversity The Classification of Plants

What do I know about plants? Warm-up: Write each Question and Answer for Each. What do I know about plants? True or False All plants perform photosynthesis. All plants need water and nutrients. All plants reproduce using flowers. All plants reproduce using seeds.

PLANT CHARACTERISTICS Slide # 3 PLANT CHARACTERISTICS Multicellular eukaryotes Photosynthetic autotrophs containing chloroplasts. Non-mobile (fixed to one spot) Cell walls made of cellulose Responds to environment and grows through the use of hormones

Some Plant “Adaptations” Slide # 5 Some Plant “Adaptations” Have body parts extending into both air and soil. Develop a vascular system to transport resources in plant. Have a protective layer – cuticle (waxy outer layer) to keep from drying out. Specialized structures for reproduction including spores & seeds that do not dry out.

Plants are classified based on whether or not they have: Slide # 6 Plants are classified based on whether or not they have: Vascular System (transport) Seeds Flowers (enclosed seeds)

Plants Has NO Vascular Tissue Has Vascular Tissue Bryophytes Slide # 7 Concept Map: Plants are divided 1st by whether or not they have a vascular system. Plants Has NO Vascular Tissue Has Vascular Tissue Bryophytes Tracheophytes

Bryophytes-NONVASCULAR Slide # 8 The most “primitive” plants Found in moist, shady areas 3. Small size due to no vascular tissue 4. NO true roots, stems, or leaves 5. Needs water for reproduction. 6. Reproduces using spores, -a waterproof single cell that can grow into a new organism. 7. Most common example: Mosses

Typical Moss Plant (most common bryophyte) Slide # 9 Spores form inside the capsule.

Tracheophytes -Vascular Plants- Slide # 10 Contains two types of specialized vascular tissues for transport within the plant: Xylem- transports water up from the roots. Phloem- transports food made during photosynthesis and nutrients to where they are needed in the plant. Phloem- “flow down”. Presence of a vascular system allows plants to become tall. Has specialized organs: True roots, stems, and leaves.

Tracheophytes Seeds No seeds Ferns use spores Slide # 11 Tracheophytes are divided into two groups by whether or not they reproduce with seeds. Tracheophytes Seeds No seeds Ferns use spores

There are 11,000 species of ferns. Slide # 12 The Fern - a seedless vascular plant They grow in moist, shady habitats. Has underground stems, roots, & large leaves called fronds. Reproduce using spores, not seeds. There are 11,000 species of ferns.

Seed-Bearing Tracheophytes Slide # 13 ADVANTAGE: Developed reproductive strategies that do not need water: Seed contains A fully developed embryo Food supply for embryo A water-proof seed coat to keep from drying out Sperm transferred in waterproof pollen through pollination by wind or animals. Has seed-bearing structures: Cones or Flowers

Tracheophytes Seeded Seedless The two Seeded Tracheophyte groups are divided by whether or not they have enclosed seeds -protected inside a fruit or if seeds are exposed to the environment. Tracheophytes Seeded Seedless Gymnosperms Angiosperms Ferns use spores “naked” or exposed seeds Flowers produce fruit w/ enclosed seeds

Gymnosperms- “naked seed” Slide # 15 Cycad (Sago palm), Ginkgo, Conifer (pine, spruce, firs, cedars, sequoias, redwoods, junipers, yews, & cypress trees) Sago Palm Ginkgo Spruce

Gymnosperms-Conifers Sequoia Slide # 16 Gymnosperms-Conifers Most common gymnosperms are Conifers Conifers have leaves called needles or scales have a reduced surface area and thick waxy coat on the needle to reduce water loss and prevent freezing. Juniper Pine

Conifer Reproduction Slide # 17 Male cones produce pollen and the female cone produces eggs and seeds. Pollen is transferred by the wind. Once mature, the scales on the female cone dry out and open, scattering the seeds by the wind. Pollen Seed Cone Pollen Cone

Angiosperms- “enclosed seeds” Slide # 18 These are flowering plants that encourage direct and efficient pollen transfer (smell, color, and offering nectar) by pollinators. Pollinators are flying insects, birds, and bats that transfer pollen from flower to flower. Flowers contain ovaries, which is where eggs/seeds are produced. A fruit is the pollinated ovary containing mature seeds.

Fruit can aid in dispersal of seed to reduce competition with parent plant. Slide # 19 Winged fruit – glides to new location (maple fruit) Floating fruit – can float to new locations (coconut) Fleshy fruit - sweet bright colored fruit have seeds that survive the digestive system of animals that eat the fruit (apple) Spiny fruit- Velcro like projections attach to the fur of animals (cockleburs) Maple seeds: Winged fruit Burdock: Spiny fruit

Quiz Time What is the most “primitive” division of plants because they have no vascular system? What is the most common example in this division and how do they reproduce? Why are mosses so small? What is the division of plants that contain a vascular system? What does a vascular system do for plants size-wise? How are mosses and ferns different? How are mosses and ferns alike?

Quiz Time How are Tracheophytes different from Bryophytes? How are Tracheophytes divided? What are the advantages of seeds over spores? What other advantages do seed-bearing plants have over spore-bearing plants? What are the two divisions of the seed-bearing tracheophytes?

Quiz Time What does the term Gymnosperm mean? What are the most common of the Gymnosperms? What is the importance of needles? What structures do conifers use to reproduce? Where are seeds located in the cone? Even though wind-dispersal of pollen is inefficient, what does it allow plants to overcome?