Human Communication: The Basic Course Twelfth Edition PowerPoint™ Presentations prepared by: Naomi Young University of California, San Diego Joseph A. DeVito Hunter College of the City University of New York

Chapter Fourteen: Topics, Audiences, And Research This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Chapter Goals Learn About: The nature of public speaking The very normal nervousness that most people feel The first three steps for preparing a public speech Learn To: Manage your anxiety Select an appropriate speech topic, purpose and thesis Analyze and adapt to your audience Research your topic Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 3

Introducing Public Speaking Speaker presents a continuous message to an audience in a unique context The Western tradition of public speaking began in ancient Greece and Rome Aristotle’s Rhetoric, written some 2,300 years ago in ancient Greece One of the earliest systematic studies of public speaking Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Benefits of Public Speaking Improve your public speaking abilities Improve your social and personal abilities Improve your academic and career skills Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Managing Your Apprehension Reduce the newness of public speaking by gaining experience Reduce your self-focus by visualizing public speaking as conversation Reduce your perceived differentness from the audience Reduce your fear of failure by preparing and practicing Reduce your anxiety by moving about and breathing deeply Avoid chemicals as tension relievers Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Steps in Public Speaking Preparation and Delivery Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Step 1: Select Your Topic, Purposes, and Thesis A Good Public Speaking Topic Substantive Appropriate Culturally sensitive Finding Topics Yourself Brainstorming Surveys News items Topic lists Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Limiting Topics Topoi Tree diagrams Search directories Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Purposes General purpose Specific purposes Informative Persuasive Use an infinitive phrase Focus on the audience Limit your specific purpose Use specific terms Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Your Thesis What is a thesis? Wording and Using Your Thesis Central idea, theme or essence of speech Informative thesis states what you want audience to learn Persuasive thesis -States what you want your audience to believe or accept Wording and Using Your Thesis Limit thesis to one central idea State thesis as declarative sentence Use thesis to focus audience attention Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Step 2: Analyze Your Audience Analyzing the Sociology of the Audience Cultural factor Age Gender Affectional Orientation Religion and religiousness Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Step 2: Analyze Your Audience Analyzing the Psychology of Audience How willing is the audience? How favorable is the audience? How knowledgeable is the audience? Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Step 2: Analyze Your Audience Analyzing and Adapting During Speech Focus on listeners as message senders Address audience responses Ask “what if” questions Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Step 3: Research Your Topic Principles of Research Research for specifics Research to discover what is known Research to support a position Principles of Time Management Multi-task Watch detours Access your library from home Consult your librarian Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Step 3: Research Your Topic Research notes Create folders Key your notes Take complete notes Libraries and Bookstores Libraries and bookstores Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Interviewing for Information Select the person you wish to interview Secure an appointment Select your topic area Create a cheat sheet Establish rapport with the interviewee Ask open-ended questions Display effective interpersonal communication Ask for permission to tape or print the interview Close with an expression of appreciation Follow up with thank-you note Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Step 3: Research Your Topic Primary, secondary, and tertiary sources Scholarly and popular journals General Reference Sources Encyclopedias Specialized reference works E-mail and listservs Newsgroups and chat groups Web searches Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Step 3: Research Your Topic News Sources Newspaper indexes Electronic newspaper databases Newspaper and newsmagazine Web sites News wire services News networks online Other Sources PsycINFO and sociological abstracts Medline ERIC Indexes Listservs, Usenet, WWW Book sources Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Step 3: Research Your Topic The Web The Open Web The Deep Web The Social Web Evaluating Internet Resources Fairness Accuracy Currency Qualifications Sufficiency Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Plagiarism Violation of another’s intellectual property rights You are in college to develop your own ideas and expression Evaluations assume work is your own Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Integrating and Citing Research Mention source Provide smooth transitions Avoid useless expressions Use signal verbs Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Knowledge to Action Brainstorm some speech topics and choose one to focus on as a class. How would the speech topic be presented differently if the audience were children, young adults, or the elderly? Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.