1. PowerPoint™ Presentations prepared by: Naomi Young University of California, San Diego Human Communication: The Basic Course Twelfth Edition Joseph A. DeVito Hunter College of the City University of New York

2. Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Chapter Fourteen: Topics, Audiences, And Research

3. Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 Chapter Goals Learn About:   The nature of public speaking   The very normal nervousness that most people feel   The first three steps for preparing a public speech Learn To:   Manage your anxiety   Select an appropriate speech topic, purpose and thesis   Analyze and adapt to your audience   Research your topic Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

4. Introducing Public Speaking oSpeaker presents a continuous message to an audience in a unique context oThe Western tradition of public speaking began in ancient Greece and Rome oAristotle’s Rhetoric, written some 2,300 years ago in ancient Greece oOne of the earliest systematic studies of public speaking

5. Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Benefits of Public Speaking oImprove your public speaking abilities oImprove your social and personal abilities oImprove your academic and career skills

6. Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Managing Your Apprehension oReduce the newness of public speaking by gaining experience oReduce your self-focus by visualizing public speaking as conversation oReduce your perceived differentness from the audience oReduce your fear of failure by preparing and practicing oReduce your anxiety by moving about and breathing deeply oAvoid chemicals as tension relievers

7. Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Steps in Public Speaking Preparation and Delivery

8. Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Step 1: Select Your Topic, Purposes, and Thesis  Your Topic –A Good Public Speaking Topic  Substantive  Appropriate  Culturally sensitive  Finding Topics –Yourself –Brainstorming –Surveys –News items –Topic lists

9. Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Limiting Topics  Topoi  Tree diagrams  Search directories

10. Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Purposes  General purpose –Informative –Persuasive  Specific purposes –Use an infinitive phrase –Focus on the audience –Limit your specific purpose –Use specific terms

11. Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Your Thesis What is a thesis? What is a thesis?  Central idea, theme or essence of speech  Informative thesis states what you want audience to states what you want audience to learn learn  Persuasive thesis -States what you want your audience -States what you want your audience to believe or accept to believe or accept Wording and Using Your Thesis  Limit thesis to one central idea  State thesis as declarative sentence  Use thesis to focus audience attention

12. Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Step 2: Analyze Your Audience  Analyzing the Sociology of the Audience –Cultural factor –Age –Gender –Affectional Orientation –Religion and religiousness

13. Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.  Analyzing the Psychology of Audience –How willing is the audience? –How favorable is the audience? –How knowledgeable is the audience? Step 2: Analyze Your Audience

14. Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Step 2: Analyze Your Audience  Analyzing and Adapting During Speech –Focus on listeners as message senders –Address audience responses –Ask “what if” questions

15. Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Step 3: Research Your Topic  Principles of Research –Research for specifics –Research to discover what is known –Research to support a position  Principles of Time Management –Multi-task –Watch detours –Access your library from home –Consult your librarian

16. Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Step 3: Research Your Topic  Research notes –Create folders –Key your notes –Take complete notes  Libraries and Bookstores –Libraries and bookstores

17. Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Interviewing for Information 1. Select the person you wish to interview 2. Secure an appointment 3. Select your topic area 4. Create a cheat sheet 5. Establish rapport with the interviewee 6. Ask open-ended questions 7. Display effective interpersonal communication 8. Ask for permission to tape or print the interview 9. Close with an expression of appreciation 10. Follow up with thank-you note

18. Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.  Primary, secondary, and tertiary sources  Scholarly and popular journals  General Reference Sources –Encyclopedias –Specialized reference works –E-mail and listservs –Newsgroups and chat groups –Web searches Step 3: Research Your Topic

19. Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.  News Sources –Newspaper indexes –Electronic newspaper databases –Newspaper and newsmagazine Web sites –News wire services –News networks online   Other Sources –PsycINFO and sociological abstracts –Medline –ERIC –Indexes –Listservs, Usenet, WWW –Book sources Step 3: Research Your Topic

20. Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.  The Web –The Open Web –The Deep Web –The Social Web  Evaluating Internet Resources –Fairness –Accuracy –Currency –Qualifications –Sufficiency Step 3: Research Your Topic

21. Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Plagiarism  Violation of another’s intellectual property rights  You are in college to develop your own ideas and expression  Evaluations assume work is your own

22. Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Integrating and Citing Research  Mention source  Provide smooth transitions  Avoid useless expressions  Use signal verbs

23. Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Knowledge to Action Brainstorm some speech topics and choose one to focus on as a class. How would the speech topic be presented differently if the audience were children, young adults, or the elderly?