What do you use to cut out the gene? CIRCULAR PIECE OF BACTERIAL DNA Transgenic Organisms The Steps Isolate & cut out the good gene you want What do you use to cut out the gene? RESTRICTION ENZYME Remove a plasmid from a bacteria What is a plasmid? CIRCULAR PIECE OF BACTERIAL DNA 3. Splice (attach) the human DNA to the plasmid 4. Insert the recombinant plasmid back into the bacteria 5. Let the bacteria divide, making more copies of the human gene Recombinant DNA – DNA that is made up from more than 1 source Transgenic Organism – an organism that has recombinant DNA

Because they have VERY FAST reproduction rates Why do we use bacteria? Because they have VERY FAST reproduction rates

Transgenic Organisms 3 kinds Transgenic microorganisms (bacteria) – can be used to make human growth hormone (dwarfism), insulin (diabetes), clean up oil spills (environment) Transgenic plants – can be made stronger (pest resistant, pesticide resistance, frost resistant, spoilage resistant) Stronger crops lead to better food supply Crops can also contain extra vitamins (better nutrition) Transgenic animals Mice with human immune systems (better/safer drug testing for medicine) Cows/chickens produce more meat (better food supply)

WARNING!! WalMart is now selling corn on the cob that has been genetically modified. It has a bacterial gene that kills corn pests by dissolving their stomachs (the pest bleeds to death). The corn crop is stronger…but no one knows how much corn is now safe to eat before your stomach starts to dissolve.

Is it worth it?

Gel Electrophoresis https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AkBUriMK9u8 Everyone’s DNA cuts apart into DIFFERENT size pieces, because everyone has a DIFFERENT sequence of nitrogen bases (ATCG) 1. Take a DNA sample and cut it apart using a RESTRICTION ENZYME Smaller DNA pieces will move FARTHER & larger DNA will move LESS 3. Run electrical current through GEL…DNA will move to POSITIVE end because DNA is NEGATIVELY charged 2. Inject DNA fragments into GEL ELECTROPHORESIS https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AkBUriMK9u8

Compare your DNA band patterns to find your: Criminal – ALL bands must match B. Daddy – HALF the bands must match

Who Done It? Suspect 2 John

Daughter 1 (D1) and Son 1 (S1) are the children from the parents in the diagram. Daughter 2 (D2) is the child of the mom and a previous partner. Son 2 (S2) is adopted