1. What is biotechnology?
The use of living organisms to do practical tasks.
Early examples:
The use of microorganisms to make cheese and wine
Selective breeding of livestock and crops
Production of antibiotics from microorganisms

2. Selective Breeding
Breed only those plants or animals with desirable traits
People have been using selective breeding for 1000’s of years with farm crops and domesticated animals.

3. Genetically modified organisms are called transgenic organisms.
TRANSGENIC ANIMALS
Mice – used to study human immune system
Chickens – more resistant to infections
Cows – increase milk supply and leaner meat
4. Goats, sheep and pigs – produce human proteins in their milk

4. Goal of biotechnology today:
To find practical applications of DNA techniques for the improvement of human health and food production
Making gene products using Genetic Engineering
Medical uses. Diagnosis of disease
Making vaccines and other pharmaceutical products
Forensic uses of DNA such as DNA fingerprinting
Agricultural uses such as making transgenic plants

5. DNA TECHNOLOGY
DNA recombination or genetic engineering is the direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes

6. Recombinant DNA technology
Refers to the set of techniques for combining genes from different sources in vitro( in a test tube) and transfering this DNA into a cell so it can be expressed.
These techniques were first developed around 1975 and resulted in the appearance of the Biotechnology industry

7. Researchers can insert desired genes into plasmids, creating recombinant DNA
And insert those plasmids into bacteria
Bacterium 1
Plasmid
isolated
Cell containing gene
of interest 2
DNA
isolated 3
Gene inserted
into plasmid
Bacterial
chromosome
Plasmid
Recombinant DNA
(plasmid)
DNA
Gene of
interest 4
Plasmid put into
bacterial cell
Recombinant
bacterium 5
Cell multiplies with
gene of interest
Copies of gene
Copies of protein
Gene for pest
resistance
inserted into
plants
Clone of cells
Protein used to make snow form at higher temperature
Figure 12.1
Gene used to alter bacteria
for cleaning up toxic waste
Protein used to dissolve blood clots in heart attack therapy

8. Genetic Engineering
DNA from one species is inserted into another species.
Ex. Human Insulin for diabetics is now made by bacteria cells!

9. Therapeutic hormones
In 1982, humulin, human insulin produced by bacteria
Became the first recombinant drug approved by the Food and Drug Administration
Figure 12.7A

10. Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sequences in the DNA
Restriction enzymes = scissors

11. Recombinant DNA Two pieces of DNA cut with the same restriction enzyme will be able to re-combine with each other.

12. Plants
1) Examples of transgenic plants with resistance to viruses…
potatoes, tomatoes, tobacco
2) Examples of transgenic plants with resistance to insects… corn, cotton

13. Animals Bacteria now produce all of the following…
Human growth hormone (HGH) –
Human insulin (replaced cow and pig insulin for human therapy )
Factor VIII (replaced clotting factors taken from human blood.)

14. Electrophoresis
Separation of Negatively charged DNA molecules in an electric field.
The DNA is cut by a restriction enzyme into small pieces and placed in each well of the agarose gel.
The Negatively charged DNA fragments will move toward the positively charged end of the gel.
The larger and longer fragments move slower than the smaller shorter fragments.
This creates a pattern of DNA fragments through the gel.
The gel is then stained to alllow the DNA fragment pattern to be seen. This pattern is called a DNA Fingerprint.

15. Gel electrophoresis sorts DNA molecules by size
Gel electrophoresis sorts DNA molecules by size + –
Power
source
Gel
Mixture of DNA
molecules of
different sizes
Longer
molecules
Shorter
Completed gel
Figure 12.10

16. After digestion by restriction enzymes
The fragments are run through a gel – +
Longer
fragments
Shorter x w y z 1 2
Figure 12.11B

17. Crime
Forensic science is the use of scientific knowledge in legal situations.
The DNA profile of each individual is highly specific.
The chances of two people having exactly the same DNA profile is 30,000 million to 1 (except for identical twins).

18. DNA fingerprinting is a set of laboratory procedures
DNA fingerprinting is a set of laboratory procedures
That determines with near certainty whether two samples of DNA are from the same individual
That has provided a powerful tool for crime scene investigators
Investigator at one
of the crime scenes
(above), Narborough,
England (left)

19. Example A violent murder occurred.
The forensics team retrieved a blood sample from the crime scene.
They prepared DNA profiles of the blood sample, the victim and a suspect as follows:

20. Does suspect DNA bands match DNA from the crime scene?
Suspects Profile
Blood sample from crime scene
Victims profile

21. Solving Medical Problems
DNA profiles can be used to determine whether a particular person is the parent of a child.
A childs paternity (father) and maternity(mother) can be determined.
This information can be used in
Paternity suits
Inheritance cases
Immigration cases

22. Example: A Paternity Test
By comparing the DNA profile of a
mother and her child it is possible to
identify DNA fragments in the child
which are absent from the mother and
must therefore have been inherited
from the biological father.

23. Does this man’s DNA match the DNA of the child?
Mother
Child
Man

24. What is cloning?
Cloning is a process that can be used to produce genetically identical copies of an organism.
Researchers have cloned many biological materials, including genes, cell, and entire organisms.

25. Do clones occur naturally?
Yes. In nature, some plants and single-celled organisms, such as bacteria, produce genetically identical offspring through a process called asexual reproduction.

26. How are animals cloned?
In reproductive cloning, researchers remove a mature somatic cell, such as a skin cell from an animal that they wish to copy.
Then transfer the DNA of the donor animal's somatic cell into an egg cell, or oocyte, that has had its own DNA-containing nucleus removed.

27. The DNA-containing nucleus is removed from the somatic (body) cell and then injected into an empty egg cell.
An electrical current is used to fuse the two and start the process of cell division.(mitosis)
The egg is allowed to develop into an early-stage embryo in the test-tube and then is implanted into the womb of an adult female animal.
Adult female gives birth to an animal that has the same genetic make up as the animal that donated the somatic cell.

29. What was Dolly?
Dolly the sheep was successfully cloned in Britain in 1996 by the scientist “Ian Wilmut” and was put down in February 2003 after developing a lung infection and arthritis.
Dolly the sheep
became the first
vertebrate cloned from
the cell of an adult animal.

30. Human Genome Project
Started 1988, finished 2001, the entire sequence of bases in human DNA is now known.
This multi-national effort has led to increased knowledge of …
Human genetic diseases
Gene therapies
Evolutionary relationships
Cellular functions
Cancer genes