1. Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology
What we can do with genes
Read pages in your textbook and fill in packet as you proceed

2. Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology
The combination of biology and technology has been making many products better for many years.. such as bread, cheese, and yogurt by using the best ingredients to make the best products.
This brings about….
VARIATION !!

3. Selective Breeding (aka: Genetic Modification)
Humans select animals or plants with desirable (beneficial) traits and breed them
This ensures that many of the offspring will have desirable traits from both parents
This is how we have so many breeds of dogs, horses, cats and foods!
This is also how we have certain fruits and vegetables with certain traits – these are known as genetically modified foods ( or GMO’s)
Ex: meat products have been bred to contain less fat
fruits and vegetables have been selectively bred to be larger, sweeter, hardier, and even juicier, and resistant to fungus infections and temperature changes.
Does NOT involve actually changing DNA!

4. What is Genetic Engineering
Intro video:
Technology that humans use to alter DNA or study DNA
Examples:
DNA Fingerprinting (aka: Gel Electrophoresis)
Used in paternity testing
Used as evidence in criminal cases
DNA Recombination (aka: Recombinant DNA)
Inserting a gene into bacterial DNA
Bacteria will then construct the protein coded for in that DNA

5. Restriction Enzymes
Let’s watch
Special enzymes that recognize certain DNA bases and then actually cut (splice) the DNA at that location
Used in DNA Fingerprinting and DNA Recombination
EXAMPLE: EcoRI recognizes GAATTC
Will cut at this spot between the G and A
Creates STICKY ENDS (single strands of DNA) that can bind to new DNA

6. Types of Genetic Engineering
1.Gel Electrophoresis
Separates DNA into different banding patterns based on
NUMBER OF BASES IN EACH CUT STRAND
DNA is cut up using a restriction enzyme
This leaves DNA strands of different sizes
CHARGE OF DNA
DNA is negatively (-) charged, so it will move towards a positive charge
DNA separates due to opposite charge at one end of chamber and how heavy it is
Makes a “finger-print”
Let’s See!

7. Parents will have similar banding to their children and vice-versa - Paternity tests
It is important to remember that the child’s DNA came from both of the parents……50% from mom; 50% from dad…and the DNA fingerprint should reflect this.
Animation: Let’s See!

8. 2. Recombinant DNA Technology
Inserting genes from one organism into a circular piece of bacterial DNA called a plasmid
Ex: Inserting human insulin gene into bacterium; bacterium will now make insulin for Diabetics
Overview:

9. cells will replicate (clone)
Recombining DNA
cells will replicate (clone)
Uses:
To make insulin & Growth hormone
Bacteria can clean up toxic waste (oil spills)
Proteins are used to dissolve blood clots for heart therapy

10. Steps for causing bacteria to make human insulin by Recombinant technology:
Cut out insulin gene from human DNA using a restriction enzyme
Cut open bacterial plasmid using same restriction enzyme
Combine cut plasmids with many copies of human gene
Several plasmids will “accept” human gene
These plasmids now have the ability to make human insulin
This is a cheaper way to obtain insulin because it can be produced in greater amounts & there are smaller risks of side effects since the gene making the insulin is a human gene.

11. Diagram of Recombinant DNA
Clones of
bacterial cells

12. Benefits of Genetic Engineering
Making large amounts of a human protein, such as insulin
Finding cures by altering DNA… Gene therapy
DNA Fingerprinting has helped us to see how similar certain organisms are (common ancestry)
Alter DNA in plants to make them resistant to certain diseases
Paternity tests.
Video 3:07:

13. NOVA: The Killer’sTrail (4:45) http://www. pbs
Questions for Discussion
How was DNA evidence used to prove that Dr. Sam Sheppard did not murder his wife? Why wasn't this evidence used when the case first went to court?
Why do you think the DQA1 test was chosen for DNA analysis in this case, instead of another, more powerful genetic test?
If the blood trail left at the murder scene wasn't Marilyn's or Sam's, whose blood might it have been?
If you were a juror on this trial, would you be convinced by the DNA evidence?