Introduction to Anatomy Chapter 1

Anatomy Gross anatomy Microscopic anatomy Study of: - Internal and external structure - Physical relationships among body parts Gross anatomy Microscopic anatomy

Physiology Study of: - human body function Anatomy & physiology are always related. Under normal circumstances – structure determines function

Levels of Organization Life is built on successive levels of increasing complexity: Chemical (or Molecular) Cellular Tissue Organ Organ System Organism

Chemical Chemical or Molecular Level Figure 1-1 2 of 7 Atoms in combination Chemical or Molecular Level Complex protein molecule Figure 1-1 2 of 7 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Cellular Chemical or Molecular Level Cellular Level Figure 1-1 3 of 7 Atoms in combination Heart muscle cell Chemical or Molecular Level Complex protein molecule Protein filaments Cellular Level Figure 1-1 3 of 7 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Tissue Tissue Level Chemical or Molecular Level Cellular Level Cardiac muscle tissue Atoms in combination Tissue Level Heart muscle cell Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Muscle tissue Neural (nervous) tissue Chemical or Molecular Level Complex protein molecule Protein filaments Cellular Level Figure 1-1 4 of 7 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Organ Organ Level Tissue Level (Chapter 4) Chemical or Molecular Level Cardiovascular Organ Level The heart Cardiac muscle tissue Atoms in combination Tissue Level (Chapter 4) Heart muscle cell Chemical or Molecular Level (Chapter 2) Complex protein molecule Protein filaments Cellular Level (Chapter 3) Figure 1-1 5 of 7 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Organ System Organ System Level Organ Level Tissue Level Chemical or Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Nervous Respiratory Muscular Digestive Skeletal Urinary Integumentary Reproductive Organ Level The heart Cardiac muscle tissue Atoms in combination Tissue Level Heart muscle cell Complex protein molecule Protein filaments Chemical or Molecular Level Cellular Level Figure 1-1 6 of 7 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Organism Organ Organism System Level Level ) Organ Level Tissue Level Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Nervous Respiratory Muscular Digestive Skeletal Urinary Integumentary Reproductive Organ Level The heart Cardiac muscle tissue Atoms in combination Tissue Level Heart muscle cell Complex protein molecule Protein filaments Chemical or Molecular Level Cellular Level Figure 1-1 7 of 7 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Anatomical Landmarks & Regions Figure 1-6(a)

Anatomical Landmarks & Regions Figure 1-6(b)

Anatomical Landmarks & Regions extremity extremity

Anatomical Position Standard reference position Hands at side Palms forward Feet together Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Directional Terms Superior Inferior

Directional Terms Superior Cephalic Cranial Caudal Inferior

Directional Terms Superior Cephalic Cranial Posterior or dorsal Anterior or ventral Caudal Inferior

Directional Terms Superior Cephalic Cranial Proximal Posterior or dorsal Anterior or ventral Caudal Distal Inferior

Directional Terms Superior Cephalic Cranial Proximal Posterior or dorsal Anterior or ventral Lateral Medial Caudal Proximal Distal Distal Inferior

Directional Terms Superficial Deep Ipsilateral Contralateral Bilateral Prone Supine

Body Planes & Sections Longitudinal Transverse Plane Cross-section Sagittal Midsagittal Parasagittal Coronal/Frontal Cross-section

Body Cavities Cranial cavity Spinal cavity Ventral body cavity

Body Cavities Diaphragm subdivides ventral cavity into: Thoracic cavity Abdominopelvic cavity

Ventral Body Cavity Thoracic cavity Mediastinum Pericardial cavity Pleural cavities (R and L) Mediastinum Pericardial cavity

Ventral Body Cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Abdominal Pelvic

Membranes of the Ventral Cavity Pleura Pericardium Peritoneum All 3 are double layered serous membranes: -outer “Parietal” layer lines cavity wall -inner “Visceral” layer covers the organ(s) within the cavity

Abdominal Quadrants & Regions (RUQ) (LUQ) (RLQ) (LLQ)