Major Organic Compounds

Atoms Elements Molecule Compound Cell smallest unit of matter that retains its chemical properties Atoms a substance made up of only one type of atom (periodic table of elements) Elements bonding between atoms of 1 or more elements; smallest unit of a compound Molecule chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions Compound ATOM - smallest unit of matter that retains its chemical properties ELEMENTS - a substance made up of only one type of atom (periodic table of elements) MOLECULE - bonding between atoms of 1 or more elements; smallest unit of a compound COMPOUND - chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions CELL - collection of compounds forming a living Unit; smallest unit of an organism that can be considered living collection of compounds forming a living unit; smallest unit of an organism that can be considered living Cell

Molecular Organization molecular levels of organization from smallest to cell atom element Can a substance be both an element and a molecule? molecule MOLECULAR ORGANIZATION molecular levels of organization from smallest to cell Can a substance be both an element and a molecule? yes, hydrogen is an element and two hydrogen atoms combine to form a molecule of free hydrogen in the air Can a substance be both a molecule and a compound? yes, water is a compound of the elements hydrogen and oxygen in a definite proportion of 2 H to 1 O, and it can also be a single molecule of water H2O What is O2? O3? O2 is the element oxygen and also a molecule of free oxygen in the air O3 is a molecule of ozone and the compound ozone Can a substance be both a molecule and a compound? CO2 NaCl compounds C6H12O6 What is O2? O3? cell

6 Essential Elements C H N O P S Hydrogen Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorus Sulfur C H N O P S

Carbon is an element. What is carbon? commonly found as graphite, diamonds C carbon = 50% of our dry weight  the term “carbon-based” life form

C 6 - - S - + + + + + + - carbon - - 12.011 How many protons? 6 atomic number = How many neutrons? 6 atomic mass How many energy levels? 2 How many electrons? 6

C atomic number (6 protons) is constant number of neutrons may vary (6, 7, 8)  atomic mass varies Different atomic masses of the same element are called isotopes. Isotopes of carbon: C S carbon carbon 12 - 12C 12 6 carbon 13 - 13C 13 carbon 14 - 14C 14

used to position carbon 1 1 2 2 6 3 4 5 6 What properties are used to position carbon on the periodic table? # of protons = atomic number + + + + + + # of energy levels

Organic Molecules Inorganic Molecules ORGANIC compounds contain a carbon-hydrogen bond (C6H12O6, CH4) Inorganic Molecules INORGANIC compounds do not contain a carbon-hydrogen bonds (CO2, H2O) ORGANIC MOLECULES ORGANIC compounds contain a carbon-hydrogen bond (C6H12O6, CH4) INORGANIC MOLECULES INORGANIC compounds do not contain a carbon-hydrogen bonds (CO2, H2O)

Organic Molecules Inorganic Molecules CO2 water lipid protein most important inorganic compound in living things nucleic acid most cellular processes take place in water solutions ORGANIC MOLECULES lipid, nucleic acid, carbohydrate, protein INORGANIC MOLECULES CO2 water: most important inorganic compound in living things most cellular processes take place in water solution excellent solvent (substances dissolve in water) carbohydrate excellent solvent (substances dissolve in water)

Carbohydrates are organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio 1:2:1 (carbon:hydrogen:oxygen) are made by plants (autotrophs) are the body’s primary source of energy are made of monomers (building blocks) called monosaccharides CARBOHYDRATES are organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio 1:2:1 (carbon:hydrogen:oxygen) are made by plants are the body’s primary source of energy come in two basic forms: monomers and polymers come in two basic forms: monomers and polymers

Glucose is a monosaccharide. Monosaccharides (simple sugars) are easily identified by their sweet taste. Glucose is a monosaccharide. Other monosaccharides: fructose (fruit sugar) galactose (milk sugar). C6 H12 O6 Note the ring shape of the molecule. MONOSACCHARIDES (simple sugars) are easily identified by their sweet taste. Glucose is a monosaccharide. C6H12O6 (draws a glucose molecule) Other examples of monosaccharides: fructose (fruit sugar) and galactose (milk sugar). Note the ring shape of the molecule. H CH2OH O OH C

Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates made of long chains of monosaccharides. Starches (bread, cereals, and pastas) and cellulose (plant cell walls) are common sources of complex carbs. O CH2OH H OH C POLYSACCHARIDES are complex carbohydrates made of long chains of monosaccharides. Starches (bread, cereals, and pastas) and cellulose (plant cell walls) are common sources of complex carbs. (draws a 3-ring polysaccharide molecule) Sucrose is an example of a sugar with only two monosaccharides. Sucrose (table sugar) is an example of a sugar with only two monosaccharides.

Carbohydrates Review What is the monomer (subunit) for carbohydrates? monosaccharide (simple sugars) What are the functions of carbohydrates? energy storage (short-term), structure or support Name examples of carbohydrates. CARBOHYDRATES REVIEW What is the monomer (subunit) for carbohydrates? monosaccharide (simple sugars) What are the functions of carbohydrates? energy storage (short-term), structure or support Name examples of carbohydrates. glucose, starch, cellulose glucose, starch, cellulose

Lipids chemically diverse organic compounds contain C, H, O glycerol chemically diverse organic compounds contain C, H, O classified as saturated or unsaturated function in hormones and cell membrane and for energy storage also steroids (serve as chemical messengers) LIPDS chemically diverse organic compounds contain C, H, O function in hormones and cell membrane and for energy storage water insoluble classified as saturated or unsaturated examples: fats, oils, waxes also steroids (serve as chemical messengers) water insoluble examples: fats, oils, waxes

Note the molecular structure’s “E” shape Lipids Note the molecular structure’s “E” shape made up of glycerol and fatty acids C H O C H O C H O LIPIDS made up of glycerol (boxes the glycerol portion of the molecule) and fatty acids (boxes the fatty acids portions of the molecule) Note the molecular structure’s “E” shape (highlights the “E” shape)

Lipids Review What are the molecules that make up lipids? glycerol and fatty acids What are the functions of lipids? energy storage (long-term), make up the cell membrane and hormones Name examples of lipids. LIPIDS REVIEW What are the molecules that make up lipids? glycerol and fatty acids What are the functions of lipids? energy storage (long-term), make up the cell membrane and hormones Name examples of lipids. body fat, oils, waxes body fat, oils, waxes

Proteins complex organic compounds made up of amino acids, needed for the body to function properly 3D protein structure image credit: U.S. Department of Energy Human Genome Program, http://www.ornl.gov/TechResources/Human_Genome/graphics/slides/images/ras.gif Enzymes are proteins which function to control the rate of chemical reactions. contain C, O, H, N and usually S PROTEINS complex organic compounds made up of amino acids needed for the body to function properly Enzymes are proteins which function to control the rate of chemical reactions. contain C, O, H, N and usually S examples: muscles, hair, cartilage, nails examples: muscles, hair, cartilage, nails

and an “R” group which varies in the different amino acids Proteins are made up of an amino group a carboxyl group and an “R” group which varies in the different amino acids C H R H N O OH C C H N O OH C OH H N O PROTEINS are made up of an amino group (boxes the amino group in a general molecular structure) a carboxyl group (boxes the carboxyl group in a general molecular structure) and an “R” group which varies in the different amino acids (boxes the R group in a general molecular structure) (shows an alanine molecular structure) (shows a serine molecular structure) Alanine Serine

Protein Review What is the monomer (subunit) for protein? amino acids What are the functions of protein? structure or support; enzymes speed up chemical reactions image credit: U.S. Department of Energy Human Genome Program, http://www.ornl.gov/hgmis. Name examples of proteins. PROTEIN REVIEW What is the monomer (subunit) for protein? amino acids What are the functions of protein? structure or support; enzymes speed up chemical reactions Name examples of proteins. muscles, hair, cartilage, nails muscles, hair, cartilage, nails

Nucleic Acids very large linear molecules contain C, H, N, O, P nucleotide Nucleic Acids sugar phosphate nitrogen base very large linear molecules sugar phosphate nitrogen base contain C, H, N, O, P store genetic information, help to make proteins made up of nucleotides containing a sugar, phosphate and a N-base NUCLEIC ACIDS very large linear molecules made up of nucleotides containing C, H, N, O, P store genetic information, help to make proteins examples: DNA and RNA examples: DNA and RNA DNA molecule

Nucleic Acid Review What is the monomer (subunit) for nucleic acids? nucleotides What are the compounds in a nucleotide? sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base What are the functions of nucleic acids? NUCLEIC ACID REVIEW What is the monomer (subunit) for nucleic acids? nucleotides What are the compounds in a nucleotide? sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base What are the functions of nucleic acids? store genetic information, help to make proteins Name examples of nucleic acid. DNA, RNA store genetic information, help to make proteins Name examples of nucleic acid. DNA, RNA