Liberté, égalité, fraternité. The Second Revolution Liberté, égalité, fraternité.

Legislative Assembly, 1791-1792 Dominated by middle class, but more radical than National Assembly. King vetoed many measures. New Factions Emerge: Jacobins: political club that dominated Legislative Assembly Girondins: radical Jacobins who were advanced party of the revolution and brought the country to war. The Mountain: political group, whose members, called Montagnards, sat on the highest benches in the Assembly.

International Opposition Declaration of Pillnitz, August, 1791: issued by Prussia and Austria – Attempt to protect royals. Èmigrès: French nobles who fled France sought support of foreign countries. Emperor Leopold II declared he would restore gov’t of France if other powers joined him; really a bluff French revolutionaries took Leopold at his word and prepared for war.

War of the First Coalition Legislative Assembly declared war in April, 1792 Austrian armies defeated French armies but divisions over eastern Europe saved France Brunswick Manifesto: Prussia & Austria would destroy Paris if royal family harmed Battle of Valmy, Sept. 20, 1792: Prussian invasion stopped; moral victory for Convention Battle of Jemappes: first major victory for France; took Austrian Netherlands But war turned against France by Spring 1793

The Second Revolution Begins Revolutionary sentiment in the Assembly led by Robespierre, Danton, and Marat King’s palace stormed at Tuileries on Aug. 10 1792, Swiss Guards killed; king taken prisoner. Monarchy outlawed. Revolutionaries attempt to make the king wear the red hat at the Tuileries Palace.

Paris Commune Revolutionary municipal gov’t set up in Paris, which usurped powers of the Legislative Assembly Led by Georges-Jacques Danton Legislative Assembly suspended 1791 constitution September Massacres (led by Paris Commune) Rumors of aristocratic and clerical conspiracy with foreign invaders led to massacre of over 1,000 priests, bourgeoisie, and aristocrats

National Convention, 1792-1795 France proclaimed a republic, September 21, 1792 Equality, Liberty, Fraternity! Two factions emerged: The Mountain: radical republicans (Jacobins); urban class (Danton, Robespierre, Marat) Girondins: more moderate faction; represented countryside sans-culottes (“without breeches”): (not part of National Convention) working-class; extreme radical kept revolution moving forward: stormed Bastille, march to Versailles, driving king from Tuleries, September Massacres

National Convention - Leaders Maximilien Robespierre Rose through strength of character and speech. Became increasingly radical. Georges-Jacques Danton Rose to power through Paris Commune Became Mister of Justice Jean-Paul Marat Voice of the Revolution Radical, became martyr figure. Danton

National Convention, 1792-1795 Louis XVI beheaded January, 1793 Jacques Roux: demanded radical political action to guarantee bread Mountain ousts Girondins, May 1793: urged to do so by sans-culottes Enragès, radical working-class group (even more than sans-culottes) seized and arrested Mountain members in the Convention Charlotte Corday, member of Girondins, kills Marat (martyr) The Death of Marat, by Jacques-Louis David

National Convention - Reforms Slavery abolished in the French colonies. Primogeniture abolished. Metric system enacted. Estates of émigré nobility sold to peasants. Military draft instituted and civilian control confirmed. New calendar enacted – Sept. 22, 1792 day one, year one of French Republic. Calendar had 12 months named after seasons, 10 day weeks.

Committee of Public Safety Formed in April 6, 1793 as executive emergency gov’t by the National Convention. Maximilien Robespierre is its primary leader. Responsible for beginning the Terror. Robespierre

The Reign of Terror (1793-94) Law of Suspects: Created Revolutionary Tribunals at the local level to hear cases of accused enemies brought to “justice” guillotine: created as an instrument of mercy. Queen Marie Antoinette beheaded Many Girondins executed in September, 1793 Vendèe: region in western France that opposed revolution; many executed Danton and followers executed in 1794 Overall 16,000 victims. Cult of the Supreme Being: deistic naturalist religion imposed by Robespierre; Catholics now opposed.