The Cold War 1945-1991

1940’s – 1950’s

Causes Superpowers- nations that are unmatched in military strength and political influence The United States and the Soviet Union Two disagreed on policies- Capitalism and Democracy vs. Communism (command economy) Disagreement post-WWII over Eastern Europe- Soviet Union wanted to keep control over nations, US wanted them to make their own political decisions Iron Curtain- imaginary division between Western and Eastern Europe that had fallen in 1945- Winston Churchill (Britain)

"From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an Iron Curtain has descended across the continent…A shadow had fallen on eastern Europe, which was now cut off from the free world ...” Behind that line, Churchill said, the people of eastern Europe were “subject to Soviet influence . . . totalitarian control [and] police governments.” March 5, 1946

Opposing Alliances NATO Warsaw Pact North Atlantic Treaty Organization US and Western Europe Warsaw Pact Formed in response to NATO Soviet Union and Eastern Europe Cold War Military Alliances Pledged military support if ally attacked

The Truman Doctrine March 12, 1947, Truman told Americans that it was America’s DUTY to interfere to stop the spread of Communism  United States would provide money to nations (like Greece) that were threatened by Communist expansion Containment- US policy of preventing the spread of Communism http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wmQD_W8Pcxg

Marshall Plan (1947) Money from US to rebuild Europe from the WWII devastation $13 billion in aid Theory: Every European nation was so poor they were in danger of turning Communist. If nations were financially stable, they would be less likely to fall to Communism = Theory of Containment!

After WWII, Germany divided into 4 zones, each occupied by one of the allies Capital city of Berlin also divided into Soviet and non-Soviet zones France, Britain, US, wanted to unify Germany by 1948 Soviet Union disagreed Western Allies decided to unite their zones into one, calling it West Germany Included it in Marshall Plan to prevent Communism from spreading there Angered Soviet Union Germany

BERLIN EAST GERMANY (Communist) WEST GERMANY

Berlin Blockade Western powers begin to reform German govt. and economy Soviet Union tried to block Marshall Plan by cutting off all access to West Berlin- Berlin Blockade People there depended on food supplies from allies Berlin Airlift- to keep people alive, Western Allies flew in 4,000 tons of supplies daily for 11 months

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jqHqsYiUEwY&feature=related

Germany Divided Soviets withdrew blockade from West Berlin Germany officially split into two separate countries West Germany: democratic East Germany: Communist

War in Korea Korean War (1950-53) - After WWII, Korea divided into two halves, Communist North Korea, and a democratic South Korea - Divided at the 38th parallel DMZ = Demilitarized Zone

Korean war cont’d North Korean troops invaded South Korea, attempting to unify nation under Communism - US forces prevented North Koreans from taking over South Korea - Korea split into two separate nations (still split today!)

North Korea Today Kim Jong Il died in 2011 and his youngest son Kim Jong Un took over. Still Communist and is still trying to build & amass nuclear weapons.

Nikita Khrushchev Took over when Stalin died in 1953 Former Soviet general (Stalingrad) Focused on “destalinization”

Cold War 40’s and 50’s Do Now Explain the Truman Doctrine? What was the Containment Policy? Explain the Marshall Plan. What was NATO? What was the Warsaw Pact? How was Germany divided at the end of WWII? Why? Explain the Berlin Blockade What did the U.S. do in order to counter the Berlin Blockade?

1960’s

The Berlin wall Built in 1961 to prevent East Berliners from escaping to West Berlin 2.5 million already had since 1949 Concrete Wall 15 meters high

The Race for Space Both the United States and the USSR (Soviet Union) wanted to be the first in space In 1957, USSR launched Sputnik, a satellite, into orbit around earth- the first! US established NASA- to improve American space technology 1961- First man in space launched by USSR 1969- First man on moon by US

1960 - The U-2 Affair On May 1, an American high-altitude U-2 spy plane is shot down on a mission over the Soviet Union. US asserts: it was a “weather research plane” After the Soviets announce the capture of pilot the United States recants earlier assertions

The U-2 Affair Major embarrassment for Eisenhower Admitted truth about incident Heightened tensions b/w Khrushchev and Eisenhower

Khrushchev and Castro Cuba- Communist leader Fidel Castro took power and established govt. in 1959 Looked for support from Communist Soviet Union

1961 - Bay of Pigs U.S.-organized invasion force of 1,400 Cuban exiles are defeated by Castro's government forces on Cuba's south coast at the Bay of Pigs. Launched from Guatemala in ships and planes provided by the United States, the invaders surrender on April 20 after three days of fighting. Kennedy takes full responsibility for the disaster. Captured Cubans

Castro allowed Soviet Union/Khrushchev to build nuclear missile bases in Cuba Pres. Kennedy demanded removal of missiles World came to brink of nuclear war Cuban Missile Crisis

The Cuban Missile Crisis October 16-October 27, 1962

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=98mJcPCmoow

Vietnam The war in Vietnam Theory: Domino Theory: one nation falls to Communism all the nations around it will become Communist Years: 1960’s-1970’s Who: communist (north) vs. democratic (south) [US] Causes: fear of the spread of communism Events: guerrilla warfare Results: communists win Today: turning capitalistic and now a tourism hot spot

North Vietnam (Communist) 17th parallel South Vietnam (Democracy)

1964 - Gulf of Tonkin Resolution North Vietnamese patrol boats fired on the USS Mattox in the Gulf of Tonkin on August 2. On August 7, the U.S. Congress approves the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, granting President Johnson authority to send U.S. troops to South Vietnam.

1968 - Tet Offensive Viet Cong (South Vietnamese Communist guerrillas) and North Vietnamese Army troops launched attacks across South Vietnam on January 30, the start of the lunar new year Tet.

Ho Chi Minh Communist Leader of North Vietnam

1969 - Vietnamization 1968, Richard Nixon elected President, defeating Hubert Humphrey On June 8, 1969 U.S. President Nixon announced his "Vietnamization" plan, designed to withdraw U.S ground forces from Vietnam and turn control of the war over to South Vietnamese forces. All US involvement ends by 1974

1968 - Prague Spring Movement Czechoslovakia Alexander Dubcek came to power as general secretary of the Communist Party in Czechoslovakia, pledging reforms and democratization The Prague Spring movement swept across the country. Soviets and allies sent troops to crush rebellion

Shows that the U.S.S.R would use violence to keep Communism in its’ satellites (nations of Eastern Europe under its influence during the Cold War). Czechoslovakia Hungary

1970’s

Nice Unibrow! 1970s- Détente By 1970s, both nations had spent billions of dollars on building up nuclear arsenal Under their leaders, Nixon (US) and Brezhnev (USSR), the two superpowers began a period of détente, or the lessening of tension Elements of détente Control of nuclear weapons Cultural exchange Trade agreements

1969 -1972 – SALT 1972 – 1979 – SALT II Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Five Year Plans to limit numbers of Nuclear Weapons Placed limits on both submarine-launched and intercontinental nuclear missiles.

Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan Détente ends in 1979 when… USSR invades Afghanistan to keep a communist gov’t in power US tries to counteract this by funding and training anti-communist forces (including Osama bin Laden) but is unsuccessful Fighting lasts until mid 1980s when USSR finally pulls out

1980’s - 1990’s

Mikhail Gorbachev Comes to power in 1985 Wanted to end Cold War Pulled troops out of Afghanistan Glasnost- “openness”- ended censorship and encouraged open discussion Perestroika- “restructuring”- brought in elements of capitalism to stimulate economic growth

The End is Coming Glasnost allows for some political freedoms People began to speak out against their government Throughout the Soviet Union, republics began to declare their independence By mid-1991, the Soviet Union ceased to exist Mainly due to the reforms of Gorbachev

The Wall Comes Down 1989 The fall of the Berlin Wall represented the fall of Communism in Eastern Europe.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fK1MwhEDjHg

Poland Poland broke away from USSR in late 1980s Led by Lech Walesa, millions of workers organized a movement called Solidarity, which called for democratic reforms

The Breakup of the Soviet Union 1991 Soviet Union became the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), Russia being the largest A “civilized divorce” of the Soviet Union on

BORIS YELTSIN Boris Yeltsin - became leader of Russia in 1991, ruled until 1999 Yeltsin struggled to make the transition from Communism to democracy Economic problems increased along with food shortages

Vladimir Putin- 1999- 2008: Putin has brought even more democratic reforms to Russia Dmitry Medvedev- new president (May 2008) Vladimir Putin now Prime Minister But…………many feel Putin is really still in power…….. Sochi Olympics TODAY he is President again! Created a cult of personality/propaganda Invaded Crimea – now occupies this part if Ukraine; supports a vote to rejoin Russia Anyone who ran against him in the “election” has died; so have critical reporters Considered a threat to region…Cold War Returns? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IkBRzVGmIO0 2 min Jets https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AkW4eW7TMvM 42 min Crimea

Create your own COLD WAR Propaganda Requirements: Theme: Cold War event or present day cold war based issue Explain your drawing on the back of your work. 8x10 paper Slogan Information (2 or 3 facts) Large Graphics/Color Hand Drawn/Traced Good taste/appropriate Consider: Domino theory, Containment theory, Germany Divided, Berlin blockade, Berlin Wall, Prague Spring, Nuclear stockpiles, Cuban Revolution, Cuban Missile Crisis, Vietnam War in Afghanistan, Iran & Nuclear Weapons, Fall of Communism, Crimea, Ukraine,

Do Now 10 minutes Define: Détente Who were the rulers of the U.S.S.R and the United States during this period of Détente? What ended this detente period? What Soviet leader incorporated capitalism in the economy of the U.S.S.R.? What leader did the same in China? Define: Perestroika Define: Glastnost Who ruled the U.S.S.R during the 1990’s? What happened to Russia? Who ruled Russia during the 2000’s? Middle East What is Zionism? Who created this movement? What is the Balfour Declaration? What year was Israel created? Why did this lead to tensions within the Middle East?