KEY CONCEPT Female and male reproductive organs fully develop during puberty.
There are two main functions of the female reproductive system. produce ova, or egg cells provide a place where a zygote/baby develops
uterus cervix rectum vagina urethra urinary bladder pubic bone ovary fallopian tube
Parts of the female reproductive system Ovary- Where the ova/eggs are held Fallopian tube- Connects ovary to uterus Uterus- Where the developing zygote is formed Cervix- Opening at the bottom of the uterus (dilation) Vagina- Canal leading out of the reproductive organs
Estrogen is the main FEMALE HORMONE Estrogen has three main functions. develop female sexual characteristics develop eggs prepare uterus for pregnancy
The male reproductive system produces sperm. There are two main functions of the male reproductive system. produce sperm cells deliver sperm to the female reproductive system urinary bladder vas deferens pubic bone prostate gland penis urethra testis scrotum epididymis bulbourethral gland rectum seminal vesicle
Parts of the male reproductive system Testis- Where sperm are produced Epididymis- Where mature sperm are held Vas Deferens- Tube that leads from the epididymis to urethra Prostate gland, seminal vesicle, bulbourethral gland – secrete fluids for sperm to live in Urethra- Tube that expels sperm
Testosterone is the MAIN MALE HOROMONE Testosterone has two main functions. developing male sexual characteristics producing sperm
KEY CONCEPT Human reproductive processes depend on cycles of hormones.
Eggs mature and are released according to hormonal cycles. potential egg first polar body second polar ovum (egg) Meiosis I Completed Meiosis II only after sperm enters Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and lutenizing hormone (LH) regulate egg production. meiosis produces eggs and polar bodies each egg has 23 chromosomes meiosis is completed at fertilization
FSH, LH, and estrogen stimulate the release of eggs. follicle ruptures at ovulation egg travels into fallopian tube ruptured follicle becomes corpus luteum fallopian tube egg cell egg released corpus luteum uterine wall ovary follicle uterus 5 to 7 days to uterus
Eggs mature and are released according to hormonal cycles. The menstrual cycle has three phases. flow phase: endometrium sheds follicular phase: ovulation occurs luteal phase: corpus luteum forms
Sperm production in the testes is controlled by hormones. Testosterone, FSH, and LH stimulate sperm production. one sex cell divides into four sperm each sperm has 23 chromosomes potential sperm 4 sperm cells Meiosis I Meiosis II
Sperm cells fully mature in the epididymis. head contains acrosome midpiece contains ATP tail allows mobility acrosome head midpiece tail mitochondria nucleus with 23 chromosomes
Fertilization occurs when a sperm cell joins an egg cell. Sperm penetrates an egg. membrane keeps out other sperm nucleus of sperm joins with egg zygote formed
Multiple zygotes can result from fertilization. identical twins from the same egg fraternal twins from two separate eggs Infertility makes reproduction difficult or impossible.
Sexually transmitted diseases affect fertility and overall health. Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are passed from one person to another during sexual contact. bacterial STDs include chlamydia, syphilis, gonorrhea viral STDs include hepatitis B, genital herpes, human papillomavirus, and HIV HIV
Viral STDs can be treated, but there is no cure for these diseases. Bacterial STDs can be treated, and in many cases, cured with antibiotics A parasite causes trichomoniasis, which can affect fertility. Viral STDs can be treated, but there is no cure for these diseases. STDs attack reproductive organs. can cause infertility untreated, some can be fatal STDs can be avoided by abstinence or by using a condom.
The zygote becomes a blastocyst and implants in the uterus. The fertilized egg implants into the uterus and is nourished by the placenta and umbilical cord. The zygote becomes a blastocyst and implants in the uterus. ectoderm develops into skin and nervous system mesoderm develops into Internal tissues and organs endoderm develops into digestive organs and their lining blastocyst uterine wall Implantation of blastocyst
The blastocyst becomes an embryo. Embryonic membranes protect and nourish the embryo. amniotic sac cushions embryo. placenta connects mother and embryo. umbilical cord connects embryo to placenta. placenta umbilical cord uterus amniotic sac
A zygote develops into a fully formed fetus in about 38 weeks. Human pregnancies are divided into trimesters. 1st trimester: body plan and early development
2nd trimester: fetus more active, developed
3rd trimester: all organs fully formed After about 38 weeks, fetus is ready to be born.
KEY CONCEPT Physical development continues through adolescence and declines with age.
Birth occurs in three stages. Stage one of birth is the dilation of the cervix. contractions push cervix open if cervix dilates too little, C-section done STAGE 1 As regular, strong contractions occur, the cervix dilates and the baby turns.
Stage two is the emergence of the baby. baby usually born headfirst oxytocin stimulates milk production STAGE 2 The baby is pushed through the cervix and out of the vaginal canal.
Stage three is the expulsion of the placenta. placenta detaches from uterine wall contractions helps control bleeding STAGE 3 Contractions continue, expelling the placenta and helping to control bleeding.