1. The Reproductive System
Errol Phalo
Due Date: Monday 5/ (Hard Copy)
Presentations 5/17-5/21

2. Sexual Development A. Within the Embryo Females develop ovaries 
produce estrogen ;
development of female repro. organs
Males develop testes
produce testosterone;
development of male repro. organs
B. Puberty
Puberty: period of rapid growth,
sexual maturation
Continued development of
reproductive organs after birth and before puberty:
gonads  sex hormones
Hypothalamus signals pituitary to release
more of FSH(follicle stimulating hormone and
LH (luteinizing hormone) and puberty begins

3. II. Male Reproductive System
Main function is to produce and
deliver sperm
Penis: external male reproductive
organ
Scrotum: external sac containing
testes
Testes: male gonad that produces
sperm
Seminiferous tubules: tubules in testes
in which sperm are produced
Seminal vesicles: makes and
stores seminal fluid
Prostate gland: adds white fluid to the sperm to create semen
Bulbourethral gland: secretes fluid which helps sperm survive the acidic environment of the urethra

4. A. Sperm Development Liquid from specialized cells in testes
that undergo meiosis (N sperm)
Sperm consists of :
a. head
b. body
c. tail
Made in seminiferous tubes, moves to
epididymis structure in which sperm
fully matures and are stored.
From epididymis to a tube called vas deference/merges with urethra tube that leads sperm out of body through the penis
Seminal fluid: nutrient rich fluid protecting sperm from acidity of female’s uterus; produced from seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral gland.
Sperm origin to out of body: seminiferous tubules, epididymis, vas deferens, prostate, urethra, and penis
million sperm/ml. 2-6 ml/ejaculation (2.5 million/drop)

5. III. Female Reproductive System
Main functions: produce eggs and prepare female’s body to care for a developing embryo
Egg Development
Each ovary contains approx. 400,000
primary follicles a cell surrounding an
ovum, helps an eggs mature for release into reproductive tract
About 400 eggs will be released every 28 days
Egg Release
Ovulation process where egg is released from ovary
Fallopian tubes one of the tubes an egg passes after ovulation
Ovary  female gonad that produces eggs
Uterus  organ where fertilize egg develops
Cervix  the outer end of the uterus
Vagina  canal beyond cervix leading outside the body
Egg from ovulation to expulsion out of body ovary, fallopian tube, uterus, cervix, vagina

7. IV. Menstrual Cycle
Egg develops and is released from an ovary; uterus is prepared for receiving a fertilized egg
Follicular Phase
Secreted FSH and LH causes follicle
to develop
Estrogen produced more, lining of uterus
thickens
Ovulation
Follicle ruptures, mature ovum released into one of Fallopian tubes, luteinizing hormone is at peak (stimulates ovulation and development of corpus luteum)
Luteal Phase
Cells of ruptured follicle undergo change,
turns yellow
Corpus luteum “yellow body” that releases estrogen and progestrogen
Menstruation
Corpus luteum disintegrates, levels of estrogen
and progestrogen in blood decreases
Lining of uterus detaches from uterine wall,
discharge from vagina (along with unfertilized egg and blood)

9. V. STDs/Treatment
STDs (Sexually Transmitted Diseases): infections spread by sexual contact
Bacterial:
Chlamydia
Syphilis
Gonorrhea
Treatment: Antibiotics, injected Penicillin
Viral:
Genital herpes
Genital warts
Hepatitis B
AIDS/HIV
Treatment: Prevention is Key!/ Anti-viral medicine

10. VI. Fertilization Fertilization process where a sperm joins an egg
Two haploid nuclei fuse, a single diploid nucleus is formed
Diploid having one set of chromosomes(23)
Haploid having two sets of chromosomes (46)
Zygote diploid cell with a set of chromosomes from each parents
Steps during fertilization
Penis into female’s reproduction tract
Sperm enters through vagina then cervix
Swims upward in uterus
Chooses a fallopian tube to enter
Attaches to binding site and breaks down
layers of eggs
Sperm nucleus enters egg and
chromosome number combines

11. Early Development
Implantation- formation of blastocyst, attaches to uterus wall
Morula [solid ball of 64 cells produced 4 days after fertilization] transforms into a hollow structure with an inner cavity, called blastocyst
Day 6-7 after fertilization, embryo attaches itself to uterus wall
Differentiation- blastocysts begin to specialize
Embryo develops from blastocysts
Gastrulation- cells in the blastocysts begin to specialize
Results in 3 cell layers, called primary germ layers
Ectoderm- skin and nervous system
Mesoderm- internal tissue and organs
Endoderm- digestive system and organs
Neurulation- development of nervous system
Mesodermal tissue differentiates into a notochord
Neural folds turn into neural tube which develops into spinal cord and nervous system

12. Extraembryonic Membranes/Control of Development/Later Development
Membranes form to protect and nourish the embryo
Amnion-develops into a fluid-filled amniotic sac, which cushions and protects the developing embryo within uterus
Chorion-the outermost of the extra embryonic membranes
Placenta-connection between mother and developing embryo
The placenta is important is because it doesn’t allow the blood of the mother and the embryo to mix/ allows for the exchange of wastes, nutrients, and gas.
Called a fetus after eight months
Four to six months, tissues become more specialized and complex

13. VIII. Control of Development and Later Development
Findings
Fates of many cells are not mixed; the cells differentiate
Embryonic cells communicate with each other to regulate development and differentiate
B. Information on Fetus
Tissues become more complex and specialized, functions more after at least 6 months of fertilization
Mothers abdomen increases in size to accommodate baby
Fetus doubles in size the last three months, undergoes changes, CNS and lungs develop
Take 9 months for fetus to develop on average
Premature babies babies born before
nine months of development

14. VIII. Childbirth Hormones involved during and After Childbirth
Oxytocin affects large involuntary muscles in the uterine wall
Prolactin stimulates mammary glands to produce milk
Sequence of birth labor, cervix expansion, amniotic sac breaks, baby contracted out vagina
B. Afterbirth placenta and fetal membrane expelled from uterus
C. Multiple Births
Fraternal twins two eggs
released fertilized by two different sperm
Identical twins single zygote
splits to produce two embryos of
the same sex

15. IX. Early Years and Adulthood
Infancy
First two years of life
Nervous system develops more, first teeth
appear, growth
B. Childhood
Infancy until the onset of puberty
Activity and independence increases
Coordination perfected
C. Adolescence
Puberty until adulthood
Surge in hormones and development of
intellectual skills
D. Adulthood
Strength and flexibility decreases after highest
levels of development reached
Body systems become less efficient, homeostasis harder to maintain
Minor changes in mental functioning
Good health and exercise is can be maintained