LO: To revise the Third Crusade Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the Third Crusade E-D Compare and contrast key factors C-B Analyse the key judgements made A-A*

LO: To revise the Third Crusade Fact test! Go! Describe the Third Crusade E-D Compare and contrast key factors C-B Analyse the key judgements made A-A* Task: Once you have written Your title and date… Fact test! Go!

LO: To revise the Third Crusade So what has been asked before? Describe the Third Crusade E-D Compare and contrast key factors C-B Analyse the key judgements made A-A* So what has been asked before? How successful was the Third Crusade in achieving its aims by 1193? Assess the view that the Third Crusade was a failure. How successful was King Richard I in achieving his objectives in the Third Crusade? How important was Muslim unity in the failure of the Third Crusade? How important was divided leadership to the failure of the Third Crusade? How far was the failure of the Third Crusade due to lack of manpower?

LO: To revise the Third Crusade Success? Failure? Describe the Third Crusade E-D Compare and contrast key factors C-B Analyse the key judgements made A-A* Success? Failure? Divisions in Crusading army Richard I’s military leadership Muslim Unity The Third Crusade Failure to take Jerusalem Territorial gains. Death of Barbarossa Saladin’s Invincibility Shattered. Aims and Objectives Retake Jerusalem Burnish Richard’s reputation. Act on deeds of past. Consolidate Outremer Achieve penance for sins. Economic gain.

LO: To revise the Third Crusade Describe the Third Crusade E-D Compare and contrast key factors C-B Analyse the key judgements made A-A* Richard I’s military leadership Siege of Acre, leadership is instrumental 19th August Richard kills 2700 Muslim prisoners. Richard show brutality. Massacre at Ayyadieh. A calculate show of fearsome brutality? Strict formation on march to Jaffa Conditions in heat of summer dreadful. Richards leadership key. Battle of Arsuf Richard 25 miles from Jaffa. Saladin’s 30,000 attack on plain. Two knights break ranks. Richard makes snap decision to turn And face Muslim army. Saladin makes numerous counter attacks And charges. Muslims forced to abandon the attack. Richard’s actions in retaking Jaffa back from Saladins troops. Use of the Infantry array at second battle of Jaffa.

LO: To revise the Third Crusade Describe the Third Crusade E-D Compare and contrast key factors C-B Analyse the key judgements made A-A* Territorial gains The island’s of Cyprus’ capture was a major addition to Outremer and removed both the Byzantine threat to Antioch and the threat of the Egyptian fleet to Outremer By October 1192 when King Richard left the Holy Land most of Saladin’s victories of 1187–1188 were wiped away, although Jerusalem was not retaken. The coastal cities were restored, the kingdom was united under Count Henry of Champagne, and peace was secured with their greatest enemy – indeed Saladin’s death in March 1193 ended the Muslim unity which so endangered Outremer. Success may contrast the Christian position in 1188 when only Tyre and two isolated fortresses survived with 1193 when they held nearly the whole of the Palestinian coast, and develop the relative importance of Richard’s successes in regaining the coastal cities, victories such as Arsuf, and the treaty of Jaffa.

LO: To revise the Third Crusade Describe the Third Crusade E-D Compare and contrast key factors C-B Analyse the key judgements made A-A* Saladin’s Invincibility Shattered. The Battle of Arsuf ended the myth of Saladin’s invincibility. The Treaty of Jaffa gave Christian pilgrims access to Jerusalem and the Holy places. Saladin becoming increasingly ill. By end of 1192 Saladins army weak and short of munitions. Cannot take lightly Defended Jaffa. Demolition of Walls of Ascalon in 1191 to focus on defending Jerusalem, proves Army not strong enough to fight both. Ramla castle also demolished. Saladin had been facing internal issues near the Euphrates. Led Richard to break Off peace negotiations at one point. Treaty which ended siege of Acre saw all of Saladin’s navy handed over to Crusaders by mistake! This destroyed his naval support.

LO: To revise the Third Crusade Describe the Third Crusade E-D Compare and contrast key factors C-B Analyse the key judgements made A-A* Divisions in Crusading army Conflict between Guy and Conrad was resolved when Richard granted Guy the lordship of Cyprus. Fighting in Acre between Pisans (Guy) and Genoese (Conrad). Murder of Conrad , Henry of Champagne to marry Isabella wife of Conrad. Analysis may focus on the relative impact of divisions within the leadership; the impact of the death of Frederick Barbarossa and the role of the Duke of Austria. Also, the rivalries of Richard and Philip, and Conrad and Guy Failure may focus on the failure to recapture Jerusalem in Jan 1191 and June 1192, the crusade’s primary objective, also the collapse of the German crusade and the early departure of King Philip II. Richard’s departure in Oct 1192 was due to Philip’s attacks on Normandy. the divisions between King Richard and King Philip, and especially the disagreements over the throne of Jerusalem • disagreement over purpose, the issue of Jerusalem or Egypt • Richard’s need to leave to secure his kingdom from the actions of Philip and John. Tries to marry Joanna of Sicily to Al-Adil but she refused.

LO: To revise the Third Crusade Describe the Third Crusade E-D Compare and contrast key factors C-B Analyse the key judgements made A-A* Failure to take Jerusalem The role of Muslim unity under Saladin, logistical problems of supply and the difficultly of securing Jerusalem. Richard wants to take Ascalon, nobles focus on Jerusalem. For Richard, having become dangerously ill from the campaign, “the growing alarm that his possessions in France were in danger of being lost to the conspiracy between John and Philip II” fostered a belief that “urgency to reach agreement transcended all other considerations. Although he had not succeeded in capturing Jerusalem, Richard felt as though he had acceptably completed his vow, having been in the service of God for three years now. Though Richard earnestly wanted to triumph in the Holy Land, his concern for his continental possessions necessarily outweighed any considerations for what occurred in the Levant in his absence.

LO: To revise the Third Crusade Describe the Third Crusade E-D Compare and contrast key factors C-B Analyse the key judgements made A-A* Death of Barbarossa + Logistical Issues • the loss of Frederick Barbarossa and the German contingent • the death of King William II and the loss of the Sicilian fleet • the size of the crusade contingents from France and England. Richard was regularly attacking Muslim caravans, seized a particularly large one In 1191. Thus, Richard's strategy was largely defensive. He knew to get drawn into a fight would result in his army's destruction. Furthermore, the only way in which he could keep his army supplied would be by capturing the vital supply points from Acre to Jerusalem. This was a sound military strategy, as long as reinforcements kept coming.

LO: To revise the Third Crusade Describe the Third Crusade E-D Compare and contrast key factors C-B Analyse the key judgements made A-A* Muslim Unity Muslim unity under Saladin made his success over the kingdom of Jerusalem almost complete by 1190. The possession of Egypt in particular had brought wealth and supplies as well as naval support. His military reputation seemed secure • Muslim unity achieved by Saladin enabled him to maintain control of his forces and largely avoid the pitched battles that the crusaders sought in order to achieve a decisive victory • Saladin was mostly able to rely on the unity of his own forces whilst seeking to maximise the disunity of the crusaders. He negotiated separately with Conrad and Richard I. Saladin used Reynald of Sidon as an intermediary with Conrad and his brother Al-Adil as a negotiator with Richard BUT As Muslim unity was political rather than religious problems remained with Shi'a leaders and his life was threatened by the Assassins. • it is plausible to challenge the idea of failure and Muslim unity was not secure. Most of Saladin's victories of 1187-1188 were wiped away as the coastal cities were retaken by the Third Crusade, while crusader victories - especially at Arsuf and Jaffa - dented his reputation. Tensions in army between Turks and Kurds. Fear of a repeat of Acre at Jerusalem. Good answers are likely to show that Muslim unity only existed in a political sense, Saladin kept his army together through force of personality and did not have enough actual support to achieve ultimate victory. This meant that many of his strategies depended on exploitation of crusader divisions and the problems within the Third Crusade itself meant that final victory also eluded Richard. The result for both sides was compromise

LO: To revise the Third Crusade Describe the Third Crusade E-D Compare and contrast key factors C-B Analyse the key judgements made A-A*

LO: To revise the Third Crusade Describe the Third Crusade E-D Compare and contrast key factors C-B Analyse the key judgements made A-A*

LO: To revise the Third Crusade Describe the Third Crusade E-D Compare and contrast key factors C-B Analyse the key judgements made A-A*

LO: To revise the Third Crusade Describe the Third Crusade E-D Compare and contrast key factors C-B Analyse the key judgements made A-A*