Diseases and Disorders Created by HS1 2nd block Spring 2016 Skeletal System Diseases and Disorders Created by HS1 2nd block Spring 2016

Arthritis A group of diseases involving inflammation of the joints. There are two types: Osteroarthritis and rheumatoid

Osteroarthritis The most common form, is a chronic disease that usually occurs as a result of aging. It frequently affects the hips and knees Causes: occurs as a result of aging Signs and Symptoms: joint pain, stiffness, aching, and limited range of motion. Treatment: Although there is no cure, rest, applications of heat and cold, asprin and antinflammitory medications, injection of steroids into the joints, and special exercises that are used to relieve the symptoms

Rheumatoid Chronic inflammatory disease that affects the connective tissues and joints. It is three times more common in women than men, and onset often occurs between the ages of 35 and 45. Causes: Progressive attacks can cause scar tissue formation and atrophy of bone and muscle tissue, which result in deformity and immobility. Signs and Symptoms: pain and joint pain Treatment: Rest, exercise, anti-inflammatory medications such as aspirin, and careful use of steroids and sometimes surgery, or arthroplasty, to replace damaged joints, such of those to the hips and the knees.

Bursitis Inflammation of the bursae, which are small, fluid-filled sac surrounding the joints. CAUSE: repetitive motions or positions that irritate the bursae around a joint SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS: severe pain, limited movement, and fluid accumulation in the joint. TREATMENT: administrating pain medications, injection steroids, and anesthetics into the affected joint, rest, and physical therapy. AFFECTS: shoulders, elbows, hips, or knees.

When a bone is forcibly displaced from a joint. Dislocation When a bone is forcibly displaced from a joint. CAUSES: unexpected or unbalanced impact on a joint SIGNS OR SYMPTOMS: swollen or bruise, limited movement, visibly out of place, discolored, or misshaped. TREATMENT: bone is replaced, the dislocation is immobilized with a splint, a cast, or traction. AFFECTS: shoulders, fingers, knees, and hip joints.

WHEN A TWISTING ACTION TEARS THE LIGAMENTS AT A JOINT sPRAINs WHEN A TWISTING ACTION TEARS THE LIGAMENTS AT A JOINT SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS: Pain, swelling, discoloration, and limited movement. TREATMENT: Rest, elevation, and immobilization with an elastic bandage or splint, and/or cold applications. AFFECTS: wrist, ankles, knee and thumb

Fractures A fracture is a crack or break in a bone. Greenstick: bone is bent and splits, causing a crack or incomplete break; common in children. Simple or closed: complete break of the bone with no damage to the skin. Compound or open: bone breaks and ruptures through the skin; creates an increased chance of infection. Impacted: broken bone ends jam into each other. Comminuted: bone fragments or splinters into more than two pieces. Spiral: bone twists, resulting in one or more breaks; common in skiing and skating accidents. Depressed: a broken piece of skull bone moves inward; common with severe head injuries. Colles: breaking and dislocation of the distal radius that causes a characteristic bulge at the wrist; caused by falling on an outstretched hand.

Fractures Before a fracture can heal, the bone must be put back into its proper alignment. This process is called reduction. Closed reduction involves positioning the bone in correct alignment, usually with traction, and applying a cast or a splint to maintain the position until the fracture heals. Open reduction involves surgical repair of the bone. In some cases, some special pins, plates, or other devices are surgically implanted to maintain correct position of the bone.

Osteomyelitis A bone inflammation caused by a pathogenic organism Abscess is formed within the bone and medullary canal contains pus when an infectious organism is present Symptoms Pain at site Swelling Chills Fever Treat with antibiotics

Osteoporosis Increased porosity or softening of the bones Caused by a hormone deficiency, prolonged lack of calcium in the diet, and a sedentary lifestyle The loss of calcium causes the bones to become brittle, porous, and prone to fracture Treat with increased intake of calcium and vitamin D, medications such as Fosamax and Citracel to increase bone mass, exercise, and/or estrogen replacement

Also called Herniated or Slipped disks Ruptured disks Also called Herniated or Slipped disks Occurs when an intervertebral disks (pad of cartilage separating the vertebrae) ruptures or protrudes out of place and causes on the spinal nerve Symptoms: severe pain, muscle spasms, impaired movement, and/or numbness Treatments: rest, traction, physical therapy, message therapy, chiropractic treatment, and/or heat or cold applications Medications: pain, anti-inflammatory, and muscle relaxant A laminectomy, surgical removal of the protruding disks, may be necessary in severe cases that do not respond to conservative treatments If pain persists, a spinal fusion may be performed to insert a screw/rod assembly into the spine to permanently immobilize the affected vertebrae

Spinal Curvatures

Spinal Curvatures Kyphosis, or hunchback, is a round bowing of the back at the thoracic area. Scoliosis is a side-to-side, or lateral, curvature of the spine. Lordosis, or swayback, is an abnormal inward curvature of the lumbar region. Poor posture, congenital (at birth) defects, structural defects of the vertebrae, malnutrition, and degeneration of the vertebrae can all be causes of these defects. Therapeutic exercises, firm mattresses, and/or brace are the main forms of treatment. Severe deformities may require surgical repair.