1. Skeletal!
No bones about it!

2. Background to skeletal
Skeletal system is made of tough bone tissue that supports the body and allows it to move.
Bones protect vital organs like the heart and brain

3. structure
Skeletal systems is made up of bone and other connective tissues such as ligaments and cartilage. Bones have their own system of blood vessels and vessels and nerves which allow circulation to occur within the bone

4. Bones change….. From birth to old age….
In the first month after conception, an embryo’s skeletal framework is made of cartilage. In the second and third months after conception, you can see calcium deposits in the bone.

5. Bones change……
Calcium continues to form in the bone structure throughout life. A three year olds bones are more flexible than a 30 year old person’s bone
A 60 year old may lose calcium from the bone and the bone will become porous and break easily

6. Functions of bone Serves as a framework for the body
Protects internal structures like brain and spinal cord
Storage for calcium
To produce blood cells, red marrow produce most of the red blood cells
Allows flexibility when muscles move them

7. Different types of bones
Long bones- bones that are longer than their width:
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Tibia
Fibula
Femur

8. Types of bones Short bones- length and width are nearly equal
Wrist and hands
Ankles and feet

9. Types of bones
Flat bones-
Skull
Sternum
Ribs
Shoulder blade

10. Types of bone Irregular bones- bones that don’t fit into other groups
Face
Spine
hip

11. groups The human skeleton is divided into 2 groups
Axial- made of 80 bones which make up the ribs and sternum
Vertebrae
Skull
appendicular- skeletal involves the appendages and includes 126 bones that make up the arms, hands, legs, feet, pelvis

12. joints Joints fall into 3 groups:
1. immovable synarthrosis- like the cranium
2. slightly movable amphiarthrosis- vertibral discs or the attachment of the ribs to the thoracic vertebrae
3. freely movable diarthrosis- like the ball and socket joints of the shoulder and the hip or the hinge joint of the elbow and knee

13. joints Hinge joint- knee, and elbow
Ball and socket joint -the hip, shoulder
Pivot joint- the wrist and ankle
Gliding joint -lower spine allows bones to glide over each other for movement

14. Pathology of bones
Most common is arthritis- or inflammation of the joints.
2 main types are :
osteoarthritis- usually from aging, caused by prolonged wear and tear.
Symptoms are joint pain and stiffness, aching And limited ROM

15. osteoarthritis

16. 2 types of arthritis
Rheumatoid- is not just a disease of the joints, it is a systemic disease, meaning it affects the whole body. It can destroy bone and disfigure the joints.
Abnormalities occur in the blood vessels, circulating cells and proteins causing anemia.
Usually more than one joint is involved in RA, with the hands almost always affected.

17. RA

18. RA

19. Pathologies for bone
Bursitis- inflammation of the bursae (small fluid filled sacs around the joint)
Symptoms include: severe pain, limited movement and fluid accumulation around the joint.

20. bursitis

21. Pathologies of bone Fractures- a crack or break in the bone
Types of fractures:
1. greenstick- bone is bent and splits causing a crack or incomplete break- common for children
2. simple or closed- complete break of the bone without damage to skin
3. compound fracture- bone breaks and ruptures through the skin
4. impacted- broken bone ends jam into each other

22. Greenstick fracture

23. Simple fracture

24. Compound fracture

25. Impacted fracture

26. Pathologies of bone
5. comminuted- bone fragments or splinters into more than 2 pieces
6. Spiral- bones twists resulting in one or more breaks
7. Depressed- a broken piece of skull bone moves inward- seen in severe head injuries
8. Colles- breaking and dislocation of the distal radius that causes a characteristic bulge at the wrist- caused by falling on an outstretched hand.

27. comminuted

28. Spiral break

29. Depressed fracture

30. colles

31. Ways bones can heal
Open reduction- bone needs surgical repair with pins or plates to maintain position of the bone
Closed reduction- positioning the bone in correct alignment then applying a cast or split to maintain position

32. Pathologies of bone
Osteomyelitis- bone inflammation caused by a pathogenic organism
The organism causes an abscess within the bone and pus forms within the bone.
Symptoms include: fever, chills, pain. Sometimes this condition requires amputation.

33. osteomyelitis

34. Pathologies of the bone
Osteoporosis- bone becomes increasingly porous due to loss of calcium
Happens to women more than men
Sedintary lifestyle and lack of calcium in the diet can cause osteoporosis.
Bones can become brittle and break
“help I’ve fallen and can’t get up!”

35. osteoporosis

36. Pathologies of the bone
Congenital deformaties
Club foot- talipes equinovarus when the foot is adducted on one or both sides.
Osteogenisis imperfecta- brittle bones disease is caused by a mutation in the gene that affects the cells responsible for producing collegen.
Scoliosis- curvature of the spine caused by congenital defect, poor nutrition, poor posture.

37. Club foot

38. Osteogenesis imperfecta

39. Pathologies of bone
Rickets- Rickets is the softening and weakening of bones in children, usually because of an extreme and prolonged vitamin D deficiency.

40. rickets

41. Gorham's disease
Gorham's disease (pronounced GOR-amz), also known as Gorham vanishing bone disease and phantom bone disease,[2] is a very rare skeletal condition of unknown cause, characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of distended, thin-walled vascular or lymphatic channels within bone, which leads to resorption and replacement of bone  Current treatments are experimental only.

42. Gorham's

43. Pathologies of bone
Paget's disease of bone is a condition that affects the way your bone breaks down and rebuilds (metabolizes).
In Paget's disease of bone, the rate at which old bone is broken down and new bone is formed becomes distorted. Over time, the affected bones may become fragile and misshapen.

44. pagets

45. Break a leg! bye