Napoleon, the Napoleonic Wars, and Latin America’s Road to Independence Learning Goal 3: Explain how Napoleon’s rule and the Napoleonic wars led to geographic changes in Europe, the spread of nationalism and democratic ideals, and independence movements in Latin America

End of French Revolution Reign of Terror ends in 1794 with the death of Robespierre 1795-1799 French ruled by the Directory (five men who shared power) 1799 Napoleon overthrows the Directory

Napoleon: The Man, the Myth, the Legend Emperor of France from 1804-1814, and again in 1815 (He was defeated by the British in the Battle of Waterloo) Recognized as one of the greatest military commanders of all time Heavily influenced by the Enlightenment Conquered most of Europe through the Napoleonic Wars

Napoleon’s Rise 1799 the French government was overthrown and Napoleon become “First Consul” Crowned himself emperor in 1804 French people accepted loss of political rights Why? They believed he would provide stability & defeat France’s enemies.

Napoleonic Wars In ten years Napoleon conquered and ruled most of Europe including Austria, Prussia, Spain, Portugal, and some kingdoms in Italy He spread revolutionary ideas by writing constitutions for the countries he conquered. His army was severely weakened by the retreat from his failed attempt to conquer Russia European states revolted, invaded France, & restored the monarchy (Louis XVIII) He was exiled twice by the British, eventually dying on the island of Elba

Napoleon’s Empire

Napoleon’s Legacy Napoleonic Code: abolished privileges based on birth, promoted religious tolerance, and stated government jobs should go to the most qualified Ended feudalism in Europe His control of monarchies in Europe led to independence movements in Latin America Continued hatred between British and French Sale of Louisiana Purchase to the US Tons more land to USA!!!!!!! Confederation of the Rhine led to consolidation Germany (bringing Germany together under one rule)

Significance of Napoleon’s Reign After Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna met and restored the balance of power in Europe* (reinstated monarchies) The French Revolution fueled a sense of nationalism in France – begins nationalism in Europe Nationalism fuels the competition between European countries that culminates in WWI. Nationalism continues as a force in the world today.

Latin America’s Road to Independence

Basic Recipe American and French Revolution spread ideas of the Enlightenment European powers distracted by conflict in Europe (usually caused by Napoleon) Colonies get sick of repression, see the success of the American and French Revolution and revolt

Haiti The French colonial government in Haiti had sent men to fight in the American Revolution and they returned with ideas about how to change Haitian society.

Haitian Revolution During the French Revolution civil war broke out in the French Colony of Haiti In that chaos a slave revolt occurred in 1791, and spread throughout colony British and Spain attempted to seize colony during revolt but troops fell to yellow fever Slave revolt ended in Haitian independence from France Lead by Toussaint Louverture Toussaint Louverture

Nationalist Revolts Napoleon overthrew monarchies of Spain and Portugal Put Joseph Bonaparte (brother) on the Spanish throne Colonists did not feel loyal to France Revolutionary rulers in Latin America revolt

Spanish Colonial Latin America had a very strict social hierarchy. Peninsulares, people born in Spain*, were the only ones allowed to have positions in the colonial government. Creoles, people born in the colonies from Spanish parents, were not allowed to hold government positions. Independence movements in Latin America were started by creoles because they resented the political dominance of the Peninsulares.* Colonial Society

Mexican War of Independence Revolt led by Mexican born Spaniards and Mestizos who wanted independence from Spain Miguel Hidalgo 1st hero of Mexican Independence September 16, 1810 Agustin Iturbide 1st Emperor of Independent Mexico 1822

Latin America: Simon Bolivar (1783-1830), was one of South America's greatest generals. His victories over the Spaniards won independence for Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. Bolívar is called El Libertador (The Liberator) and the "George Washington of South America." Revolutionary leaders in Latin America, such as Simon Bolivar were inspired by the ideals of the Enlightenment* and the successes of the American and French revolutions.

Once the person Napoleon had placed in power in Latin America was dismissed Simon Bolivar was appointed governor. Even though Bolivar was part of the privileged creole upper class he declared independence from Spain. Bolivar was influenced by the ideas of Rousseau and established a national congress.

Bolivar realized that the success of the revolt was dependent on the support of the mixed-race classes of Latin Americans. He promised to fight for rights for the lower classes and to emancipate the slaves. Bolivar hoped to create a united South America modeled after the United States, but regional animosities and geographic barriers kept this from happening.

South America Jose de San Martin Monroe Doctrine (1823) Spaniards should be removed from S. America Started in Argentina and then Venezuela Continued on to rest of S. America Joined with Simon Bolivar in Chile Monroe Doctrine (1823) Told European powers to stay out of the Americas

Final Thoughts What was Napoleons GREATEST impact? What was the main reason for the start of the different revolutions in Latin America?