Nationalism September 21, 2018

Congress of Vienna In 1815, following Napoleon’s exile, the Great Powers met at the Congress of Vienna All lands taken by Napoleon were returned to their nations A Balance Of Power Was Created in Europe Absolute Monarchs were brought back Revolutionary Movements were supposed to be crushed

Congress of Vienna Map

First Nationalist Movements Two main aspects Unification – peoples of common culture and ethnicity from different areas/countries join together to form a ethnic country Separation – peoples of common culture and ethnicity separate from their current governments and form their own. Liberals and Radicals led the movement to create Nation-States all over Europe

First Nationalist Movements Began in the Balkans with the Greeks Rebelling against the Ottoman Empire With the help of Britain, France and Russia the Balkans became independent There were revolutions in Belgium, Italy and Russia but they were crushed !

THE BALKANS

First Nationalist Movements IN FRANCE Charles X attempted to establish an absolute monarchy Charles X was REPLACED by Louis-Philippe Louis-Philippe soon lost favor and was overthrown for a republic.

First Nationalist Movements The moderates took control, elected a president and established a parliamentary system. Louis-Napoleon (Bonaparte's nephew) Was ELECTED President Four Years Later He Took The Title EMPEROR NAPOLEON III He stabilized and INDUSTRIALIZED FRANCE

Nationalism September 21, 2018

German Unification BEFORE UNIFICATION: German Lands included 39 Separate Territories with Local Governments. Prussia & Austria were the largest and most powerful territories with German people living in them.

Wilhelm I was the King of Prussia Kisor wilhelm i Wilhelm I was the King of Prussia a German Territory supported by conservative Junkers. Junker = A wealthy landowner. Wilhelm appointed Otto Von Bismarck, a Junker, as his PRIME MINISTER Prime Minister = Political Leader

Realpolitik = ‘the politics of reality’ Bismarck Bismarck ruled under the policy realpolitik. Realpolitik = ‘the politics of reality’ & Decisions of the day decided by blood and iron, not by speeches and votes. Under this policy, he embarked on a campaign of German unification

War in german territory There were 3 wars for German unification WAR # 1 Prussia and Austria vs. Denmark Austria and Prussia formed an ALLIANCE to take land from Denmark. Prussia WON WAR # 2 PRUSSIA vs. AUSTRIA (7 weeks war) Bismarck created border conflicts with Austria to provoke them into declaring war on Prussia. It worked and Prussia WON!

the Ems Telegram German Unification was complete War # 3: Franco-Prussian War: Prussia vs. France Bismarck changed the wording of A Telegram to make it appear that Wilhelm I insulted the French ambassador ( THE EMS Telegram ) The French were provoked to declare WAR. Napoleon III was defeated and German Unification was complete

Franco-Prussian War Map German Unification

German Unification

Italian Unification Camillo di Cavour led the unification of the Northern Italian states into ONE COUNTRY Piedmont was the largest and most powerful Italian State. FRANCE Helps , Cavour regain the land of Northern Italy back from Austria

Italian Unification 1. Giuseppe Garibaldi leader of the Red Shirts, captured Sicily in the south 2. Cavour persuaded Garibaldi to unite the Northern and Southern Territories of Italy 3. King Victor Emmanuel II led the New Italy & Rome was its capital 4. For the next 40 Years these Great Powers would remain at peace

Map of Europe 1878