In 1798 he published An Essay on the Principle of Population Malthus was the first to sound the alarm that the world’s population was expanding more rapidly than food production. Today those who share his concerns are Neo-Malthusians Rev. Thomas Malthus 1766-1834

What Is Migration? Movement Cyclic movement: Movement away from home for a short period Commuting Nomadism Periodic movement: Movement away from home for a longer period. Migrant labor- guest workers (can become brain drain) Transhumance – regular seasonal movement Military service Migration: A change in residence intended to be permanent

International migration: Movement across country borders (implying a degree of permanence)

Internal migration: Movement within a single country’s borders (implying a degree of permanence)

Why Do People Migrate? Forced migration: Movers have no choice but to relocate

Kinds of Voluntary Migration Step migration: When a migrant follows a series of stages, or steps, toward a final destination. Chain migration: Further migration to a place where friends or relatives have already settled

Voluntary Migration Migrants weigh push and pull factors to decide Whether to move Where to go Distance decay: Many migrants settle closer to their old home than they originally contemplate

Ravenstein’s Laws Every migration flow generates a return or countermigration. The majority of migrations move a short distance. Migrants who move longer distances tend to choose big-city destinations. Urban residents are less migratory than inhabitants of rural areas. Families are less likely to make international moves than young adults.

Gravity Model:

Where Do People Migrate? Influences on major global migration flows from 1550–1950 Exploration Colonization The Atlantic slave trade Impacts Places migrants leave Places to which migrants go

Regional Migration Flows Migration to neighboring countries ∙ For short term economic opportunities ∙ To reconnect with cultural groups across borders ∙ To flee political conflict or war Islands of development: Places where foreign investment, jobs, and infrastructure are concentrated

Migration to Reconnect with Cultural Groups Migration of about 700,000 Jews to then-Palestine between 1900 and 1948 Forced migration of 600,000 Palestinian Arabs after 1948, when the land was divided into two states (Israel and Palestine)

Internal Migration Flows Animated Map of US Population http://www.science.smith.edu/sal/maps/settlement.html

Global Migration Patterns Fig. 3-2: The major flows of migration are from less developed to more developed countries.

Net Migration (per population) Fig. 3-3: Net migration per 1000 population. The U.S. has the largest number of immigrants, but other developed countries also have relatively large numbers.

Migration to U.S., by Region of Origin Fig. 3-4: Most migrants to the U.S were from Europe until the 1960s. Since then, Latin America and Asia have become the main sources of immigrants.

Migration from Asia to the U.S. Fig. 3-5: The largest numbers of migrants from Asia come from India, China, the Philippines, and Vietnam.

Migration from Latin America to the U.S. Fig. 3-6: Mexico has been the largest source of immigrants to the U.S., but immigrants have also come from numerous other Latin American nations.

U.S. States as Immigrant Destinations Fig. 3-8: California is the destination of about 25% of all US immigrants; another 25% go to New York and New Jersey. Other important destinations include Florida, Texas, and Illinois. What are the “US gateway” states? Story of a migrant http://www.pbs.org/pov/alotrolado/lesson_plan.php#What are the “US gateway” states? Story of a migrant http://www.pbs.org/pov/alotrolado/lesson_plan.php#activity

Guest Workers Migrants allowed into a country to fill a labor need, assuming the workers will go “home” once the labor need subsides ∙ Have short term work visas ∙ Send remittances (money) to home country

Guest Workers in Europe Fig. 3-9: Guest workers emigrate mainly from Eastern Europe and North Africa to work in the wealthier countries of Western Europe.

Global Remittances http://www.economist.com/node/21553458/print

Refugees People who flee across an international boundary because of a well-founded fear of being persecuted (Forced migration)