THE STRUGGLE TO PRESERVE THE UNION THE CIVIL WAR THE STRUGGLE TO PRESERVE THE UNION

Southern States Secede from the Union December, 1860, SC unanimously voted to secede. Six other states followed (MS, FL, AL, GA, LA, TX). 4 others seceded in April 1861, after Fort Sumter (VA, AR, NC,TN).             Confederate States of America formed in Montgomery, AL.         -- Jefferson Davis: 1st president

Battle of Fort Sumter (April 12-13, 1861) Fort Sumter—Charleston, SC Running low on supplies, surrounded by SC forces. No surrender, SC opens fire. Lincoln puts out call for 75,000 volunteers.

‘Civil War Begins’ Assignment Part I: Strengths & Weaknesses of Each Side. Part II: Lincoln’s Message to Congress. Part III: Davis’ Message to Confederate Congress. File can be found on my website: apusmrkamler.weebly.com

Attempts to Avoid War Cooperationists: those who advocated secession based on slave state consensus. Crittenden Compromise: extend MO Compromise line to Pacific; protect slavery where it exists. Fails in Congress due to lack of Republican support.

THE BORDER STATES

The Union and Confederacy in 1861

Northern Strategy Initial Plan: Strategy after 1861: Offensive War Take VA – Move on Richmond Felt it had overwhelming advantages Quick and easy victory Strategy after 1861: Offensive War Blockade Southern ports- Anaconda Plan Control of Mississippi (New Orleans) Total War/Attrition

Battle of Bull Run (1st Manassas) July, 1861 Northern defeat signals long, bloody war ahead.

Picnickers at Bull Run Many politicians and socialites had come to see the “last great battle” of the Civil War. At the end of the day, they ran for their lives.

Overview of Civil War Strategy: “Anaconda” Plan

The Army of the Union Volunteers initially 1863 – First ever Conscription Act 200,000 deserters African-American Soldiers (By 1863) 180,000 serve in Union Army – 10% of total

Confederate Strategy: ‘Defensive War’ Border States – MO, KY, MD, DE Win or stalemate. Talented commanders, “the cause”, geography, etc. The Key = Foreign Assistance: “King Cotton Diplomacy” Britain & France initially interested.

The Confederate Armies The Confederacy: Volunteers initially State quotas 1862 – conscription of men ages 17-50 Many poor whites refused to fight Mounting desertions

The First Battle of the Ironclads, March 9, 1862 USS Monitor vs. CSS Virginia

War in the East: 1861-1862

Battle of Antietam (Sept. 17, 1862) Lee invades North for first time. McClellan & Army of the Potomac pursue. Bloody stalemate, Lee retreats. Bloodiest single day in American history: 23,000 total casualties

“The Dead of Antietam” by Gardner/Brady

10 Days That Unexpectedly Changed America: Antietam Complete the worksheet questions, we will discuss when the video finishes.

The Emancipation Proclamation (January 1, 1863) The Moral Crusade: “Higher Purpose” Slaves only freed in states still in active rebellion. Allows for recruitment of black soldiers. Reactions: North: most opposed war for “slavery” South: losing the war means abolition

Emancipation in 1863

African-Americans in Civil War Battles

The Road to Gettysburg: July 1863

Battle of Gettysburg (July 1-3, 1863) Largest battle ever fought on American soil. Lee’s second invasion, goes on the offense 3-day battle is bloodiest of war. Lee’s defeat is the turning point in the war.

Gettysburg Address (November 19, 1863) Lincoln’s dedication speech at Gettysburg National Cemetery Re-dedicates war effort: Abolition of slavery. Memory of those who have died. Restore the founding principles.