Independence in Latin America Main Idea Revolutionary ideas took hold in Latin America as colonies fought for independence from Europe. Reading Focus How did early struggles in Latin America affect Haiti and other colonies? What events led to independence in Mexico? Who were the key revolutionary leaders in South America, and what did they achieve?

Early Struggles in Latin America The Enlightenment and the American and French revolutions inspired some in Latin America to seek greater freedom. Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen gave vote to all free men, including mulattoes French settlers on Saint Domingue resisted new law Toussaint L’Ouverture led bloody revolt against settlers Toussaint’s military, political actions made him hero in Hispaniola Sent to prison in 1803 Haiti got independence in 1804 Toussaint L’Ouverture

Colonies of Spain and Portugal Another Kind of Independence 1800s, Spain controlled most of Latin America; Portugal governed Brazil In the 1700s Spanish kings had made improvements in colonies, building roads, regulating trade; colonies grew in wealth and prosperity Education and New Ideas Wealth gave some in Latin America access to education, new ideas Educated colonists read works of Enlightenment philosophers, learned about revolutions in France, United States Tensions Growing Tensions grew in Latin America between creoles, people of European descent born in colonies, and peninsulares, colonists born in Spain Similar distinction between Brazilian-born, Portuguese-born colonists

Creoles vs. Peninsulares Growing Tensions Creoles, peninsulares made up highest social class People of mixed race, Africans, Indians lower on social scale Creoles excluded from highest levels of government, church As prosperity grew, creoles resented peninsulares, faraway Spanish rulers Creoles vs. Peninsulares

Brazilian Independence 1807, French emperor Napoleon invaded Spain, Portugal Spanish king imprisoned, Portuguese king fled to Brazil Invasion weakened Spanish, Portuguese power in Latin America Creole revolutionaries decided time right for fight for independence John VI of Portugal

Pedro I Son Pedro in Charge John VI named Rio de Janeiro capital of Portuguese empire John VI returned to Portugal after revolution, 1820 Left son Pedro to rule Brazil Transition happened smoothly, little violence 1822, Prince Pedro declared Brazil independent, was crowned Emperor Pedro I Son Pedro in Charge

How did Haiti win independence from France? Sequence How did Haiti win independence from France? Answer(s): A rebellion of slaves and mulattoes became a revolution against France after Napoleon tried to take power from the revolutionary leader Toussaint L'Ouverture.

Mexico (Spanish Colony) Morelos Continues the Revolution Jose Maria Morelos became leader of revolutionary movement Organized Mexican congress, representatives from many places Wanted all people born in Mexico, whether Indian, mixed or Creole, to be called Americans Independent Republic Morelos wanted Mexico to be an independent republic with guaranteed freedoms Strong military leader, took control of parts of Mexico for independence movement Captured, found guilty of treason, executed by Spanish authorities

A Creole King for Mexico Iturbide to Lead Fight Not all creoles wanted independence from Spain; some were royalists 1820, Agustin de Iturbide asked to lead final battle against revolutionaries Spanish authorities believed he could end Mexican independence movement Switching Sides Iturbide believed liberal revolution underway in Spain might take away some of his power; decided to switch sides, fight for Mexican revolutionaries Made three-part proposal to leader of revolution Iturbide’s Proposal Mexico would gain independence but be ruled by monarch Creoles and peninsulares would have equal rights Roman Catholic Church would be official church of Mexico

Different Proposal Independence Iturbide’s independence proposal different from ideas of Hidalgo, Morelos After ten years of fighting, the compromise brought together many different groups; creoles and peninsulares, revolutionaries and royalists Independence Unified under plan, royalists and rebel troops joined Iturbide to win independence In 1821, Mexico declared independence from Spain That same year Mexico named Iturbide as its emperor and he became Emperor Agustin I of Mexico

Revolutionary Leaders in South America Inspiration Revolutions in Haiti, Mexico, America, France inspired leaders in South America Independence movements began to form, leaders emerged Simon Bolivar Simon Bolivar, most influential leader in South American independence movement Known as “the Liberator”

Venezuelan Roots Bolivar born into wealthy creole family, often traveled to Europe Admired Napoleon’s leadership; in Rome, pledged to liberate South America Independence 1811, Venezuela declared independence from Spain Bolivar led military campaigns against Spanish for 10 years, defeated Spanish 1821

Bolivar’s Dream Bolivar had dream for newly independent South America Wanted to form one large, united country called Federation of the Andes Dream never became reality Bolivar set up state of Gran Colombia, included what are now Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Ecuador Other leaders set up separate countries in Peru, Bolivia, other places Bolivar complained “America is ungovernable”

José de San Martin Chile Gran Colombia José de San Martin fought for independence from Spain in south San Martin had fought against Napoleon in Spain Born in Argentina, returned home when he learned country rising up against Spanish rule; eventually led independence movement in Argentina and most of southern South America 1816, San Martin declared independence for Argentina, moved on to Chile Led troops over 15,000 foot summit in Andes Surprised Spanish troops, won independence for Chile Chile After Chile, San Martin moved to Gran Colombia, met Simon Bolivar Historians do not know what they discussed when they met San Martin resigned position after meeting, returned to Europe Left Bolivar in power Gran Colombia