______ Technology & ______ Technology How DNA is Analyzed and used in today’s world?

DNA ____________ Uses Since discovery of DNA in 1953, scientists have _______ the structure of DNA. DNA _____________ - test to identify & evaluate the _________ information in living cells. DNA analysis used for: ________, forensics, ________, genetics, paternity.

The ______ Step Stage 1: Cells are _______ down to __________ DNA If only a small amount of DNA available, it can be _________ or duplicated using the _____________ ______ __________ (PCR) ______ - Makes copies of ______ fragments of DNA to work with.

Stage ___ The ______is cut into ________ using __________ enzymes. Each restriction enzyme cuts DNA at a _______ base sequence for all __________.

The ______ of DNA that are cut out are called _________ ________. This yields _________ of restriction fragments of all different _______ because the base sequences being cut may be far apart (_____ fragment) or close together (______ fragment).

Stages of DNA Profiling Fragments are _______ by size using process called __________________. DNA fragments ______ into wells and _______ current is applied along gel. A _________ material is added which combines with the DNA fragments to produce a _________ image. A ________ copy of the DNA _____ is obtained.

_________________ DNA is __________ charged so it is _________ to the _______ end of the gel. DNA is _______ on basis of ______. The ________ DNA fragments move _______than the ______ fragments.

Stages of DNA Profiling ________ or _____ are formed in the gel from _______ and ______ fragments. _______ are _______ to each ________ and can be used to prove or disprove _________, guilt or innocence of a ______, determining __________ history, etc Fluorescent photographic image.

________ materials used for DNA profiling Hair Semen Body ________ cells DNA samples have been obtained from vaginal cells transferred to the outside of a condom during sexual intercourse.

______ of DNA Profiling DNA profiling is used to solve ______ & _______ issues _________ DNA profile of each individual is highly specific and is used in _______ science to solve crimes. Chances of two people having exactly the same DNA profile is __________ million to 1 (except for identical twins). If a DNA profile ________ a suspect it provides strong evidence that the suspect was present at the crime scene (NB:it does ____ prove they committed the crime). If the profile _______ match the suspect then that suspect may be eliminated from the enquiry.

Whose going to the slammer?

Solving _______ Issues DNA profiles can be used to determine whether a particular person is the parent of a child. Paternity (father) and maternity(mother). This information can be used in ____________ cases ___________ cases ___________________suits By comparing the DNA profile of a mother and her child it is possible to identify DNA fragments in the child which are absent from the mother and must therefore have been inherited from the biological father.

Whose the Daddy?

_________ Uses of DNA Technology Pharmaceuticals Genetically engineered _________ Increasing _______ Crops that don’t need ________ Genetically engineered _______

Genetically Modified Organisms __________ Genetically Modified Organisms

_____________ DNA Genetic _________ -process of reading and _________ DNA sequences in an organism. Reading the Genetic Code DNA extraction Cutting and Labeling DNA Separating DNA Reading the DNA sequence Making Copies (PCR – polymerase chain reaction) DNA gel electrophoresis

_________ Organisms - organism that contains ______ from other organisms Transgenic __________ Transgenic ________ __________ animals Produce clotting factors ________ HGH Stronger plants More production ______ resistance

____________ Animal Cells Can be transformed similar to plants. Some eggs are large enough to ________ inject new DNA by hand, Which can “Knock Out” a gene _________ organisms contain genes from other organisms. Making onions _____ using jellyfish DNA. Using ________ to make human ________. Using genetic modification to _________ food supply known as GM foods.

______ – creating an ______ copy member of a population of genetically identical organisms produced from a single cell

First cloned __________ Frogs were first cloned in the ______ “______” was first cloned mammals. July 5, 1996 - February 14, 2003 _____ was first cloned Pet CC, for "CopyCat" or "Carbon Copy"[1] (born December 22, 2001), is a brown & white domestic short haired tabby. Born at the College of Veterinary Medicine at __________. Embryo that became CC was the only one of ____ embryos produced that developed into a full-term pregnancy after being transferred to surrogate mothers.

Human ________ Project 1990-2006 2 ______: Determine the nucleotide ________ of entire human genome __ billion nucleotide pairs, ______ genes ______ location of every _____ on each chromosome

Compare human genome with other ________ to give information on: ____________ of genome How gene expression ________ ________ of cell growth and differentiation. How __________ occurs