1. DNA Technology & GMO Technology
How DNA is Analyzed and used in today’s world?

2. DNA Technology Uses
Since discovery of DNA in 1953, scientists have analyzed the structure of DNA.
DNA fingerprinting - test to identify & evaluate the genetic information in living cells.
DNA analysis used for:
Crime, forensics, disease, genetics, paternity.

3. The First Step Stage 1: Cells are broken down to release DNA
If only a small amount of DNA available, it can be amplified or duplicated using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
PCR - Makes copies of small fragments of DNA to work with.

4. Stage 2 The DNA is cut into fragments using restriction enzymes.
Each restriction enzyme cuts DNA at a specific base sequence for all organisms.

6. The sections of DNA that are cut out are called restriction fragments.
This yields thousands of restriction fragments of all different sizes because the base sequences being cut may be far apart (long fragment) or close together (short fragment).

7. Stages of DNA Profiling
Fragments are separated by size using process called gel electrophoresis.
DNA fragments injected into wells and electric current is applied along gel.
A radioactive material is added which combines with the DNA fragments to produce a fluorescent image.
A photographic copy of the DNA bands is obtained.

8. Electrophoresis
DNA is negatively charged so it is attracted to the positive end of the gel.
DNA is separated on basis of size.
The shorter DNA fragments move faster than the longer fragments.

11. Stages of DNA Profiling
Patterns or bands are formed in the gel from small and large fragments.
Patterns are unique to each individual and can be used to prove or disprove paternity, guilt or innocence of a crime, determining evolutionary history, etc
Fluorescent photographic
image.

13. Biological materials used for DNA profiling
Blood
Hair
Saliva
Semen
Body tissue cells
DNA samples have been obtained from vaginal cells transferred to the outside of a condom during sexual intercourse.

14. Uses of DNA Profiling
DNA profiling is used to solve crimes & medical issues
Crime
DNA profile of each individual is highly specific and is used in Forensic science to solve crimes.
Chances of two people having exactly the same DNA profile is 30,000 million to 1 (except for identical twins).
If a DNA profile matches a suspect it provides strong evidence that the suspect was present at the crime scene (NB:it does not prove they committed the crime).
If the profile doesn’t match the suspect then that suspect may be eliminated from the enquiry.

15. Whose going to the slammer?

18. Solving Medical Issues
DNA profiles can be used to determine whether a particular person is the parent of a child. Paternity (father) and maternity(mother).
This information can be used in
Inheritance cases
Immigration cases
Paternity/ Maternity suits
By comparing the DNA profile of a mother and her child it is possible to identify DNA fragments in the child which are absent from the mother and must therefore have been inherited from the biological father.

19. Whose the Daddy?

20. Practical Uses of DNA Technology
Pharmaceuticals
Genetically engineered vaccines
Increasing crops
Crops that don’t need fertilizer
Genetically engineered foods

21. Genetically Modified Organisms
GMOs
Genetically Modified Organisms

22. Manipulating DNA
Genetic Engineering -process of reading and changing DNA sequences in an organism.
Reading the Genetic Code
DNA extraction
Cutting and Labeling DNA
Separating DNA
Reading the DNA sequence
Making Copies (PCR – polymerase chain reaction)
DNA gel electrophoresis

23. Transgenic Organisms - organism that contains genes from other organisms
Transgenic Bacteria
Transgenic Plants
Transgenic animals
Produce
clotting factors
insulin
HGH
Stronger plants
More production
Pest resistance

24. Transforming Animal Cells
Can be transformed similar to plants.
Some eggs are large enough to physically inject new DNA by hand. Which can “Knock Out” a gene
Transgenic organisms contain genes from other organisms.
Making onions glow using jellyfish DNA.
Using bacteria to make human insulin.
Using genetic modification to improve food supply known as GM foods.

25. Cloning – creating an identical copy
member of a population of genetically identical organisms produced from a single cell

26. First cloned mammals Frogs were first cloned in the 1950’s
“Dolly” was first cloned mammals.
July 5, February 14, 2003
CC was first cloned Pet
CC, for "CopyCat" or "Carbon Copy"[1] (born December 22, 2001), is a brown & white domestic short haired tabby.
Born at the College of Veterinary Medicine at Texas A&M.
Embryo that became CC was the only one of 87 embryos produced that developed into a full-term pregnancy after being transferred to surrogate mothers.

27. Human Genome Project 1990-2006 2 goals:
Determine the nucleotide sequence of entire human genome
3 billion nucleotide pairs, 100,000 genes
Map location of every gene on each chromosome

28. Compare human genome with other species to give information on:
Benefits
Compare human genome with other species to give information on:
Organization of genome
How gene expression controlled
Control of cell growth and differentiation.
How evolution occurs