Kingdom on the Nile & Egyptian Civilizations Chapter 2 Sections 3 &4

Sec 3: Kingdom on the Nile Geography Helps Shape Egypt Note that Egypt was settled between water systems and desert…both served as a protection from invaders. Ancient Egypt had two distinct regions, Upper Egypt in the south and Lower Egypt in the north. Until, King Menses untied both regions and used the Nile to trade with others from surrounding areas.

The old kingdom Forms Pharaohs were Egyptian Kings with complete power. The Egyptians believed the pharaohs were their god. At the start of their reigns, the pharaohs began building their tombs. These tombs were located within the pyramids.

The turbulent middle kingdom Issues during Middle Kingdom The Nile did not rise regularly Corruption Rebellions Hyksos were invaders that took over the Nile Delta. The Egyptians were impressed by their chariots and the Hyksos adopted aspects of their civilization.

New kingdom Egypt grows strong Hatshepsut: 1st female ruler (encouraged trade) Thutmose III: Military general that extended Egypt’s borders Ramses II: Extended the borders north. There were many battles fought with the Hittites until a peace treaty was agreed upon.

New kingdom Egypt grows strong After invasions by the Assyrians and Persians, Egypt’s dominance began to crumble. The Greeks and then the Romans wanted to control the fertile Nile Valley. The Egyptian dynasties were complete.

Sec 4: Egyptian Civilization Religion Shapes life in Ancient Egypt During the Old Kingdom, Egyptians worshipped a sun god, Re. In the Middle Kingdom, they believed Re to be with Amon. Amon-Re, was the great lord of the gods. Osiris: God of the dead & God of the Nile Isis: Goddess of Health, Marriage, & Love

Egyptians organize their society Women in Egypt Nobles, Government Officials: Served the Pharaoh Scribes & Artisans: Provided needs to the rich and powerful Peasants: Built tombs, pyramids, served the pharaoh, worked in the fields. Women in Egypt They worked outside the home as well. They could manufacture good, manage estates, be doctors, and they could be priests. However, they could not have government jobs and few learned to read or write.

Egyptians make advances in learning Hieroglyphics: System in which symbols or pictures represent objects, concepts or sounds. Hieratic and Demotic script was a more simple version in a cursive form. Papyrus: Plant from the banks of the Nile.

Egyptians make advances in learning Rosetta Stone: Hieroglyphics, Demotic Script, and Greek It has the same passage written in all three. It was then that people were able to read hieroglyphics, and understand the records left from Ancient Egypt.

Egyptians make advances in learning Doctors Performed surgical operations and used many spices and medicines still in use today. Anise Castor Beans (Castor Oil) Saffron Astrology Developed a 12 month calendar- 30 days a month A modified version is what we use today. Engineers Used geometry to calculate the size of each stone to create the pyramids.

Egyptians develop Arts and Literature Egyptian Art Wall Paintings, Carvings, Sculptures Many show Pharaohs as larger than life Many show the side profile Human bodies with animal head Egyptian Literature Hymns, Prayers to gods, Proverbs, and love poems Accounts of battle victories and even advice writings existed.