1. Compare and contrast the area around the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers and the Nile River. What do you see?

2. Why was the Nile important to the Egyptian pharaohs?
Precious resource
Keep nation united
Government official traveled to watch or restore order
Everything moved by boat in the empire = increased wealth
Source of water
Transport
Fertile farmland

3. What role did papyrus play in advancing Egyptian civilization?
What advancements did ancient Egyptians create to deal with the Nile River?
Irrigation ditches
Shadoof – mechanical irrigation device
What role did papyrus play in advancing Egyptian civilization?
Paper like material
Used to make boats
What was built or created from the wealth gained from the Nile?
Great buildings and monuments
pyramids

4. 3 Kingdoms of Ancient Egypt
Old Kingdom – ~2600 BC BC
Strong government, pyramids, social classes
Middle Kingdom - ~1900 BC – 1630 BC
Many struggles but also very successful
New Kingdom - ~1539 BC – 1075 BC
Expands to largest size and interacts with neighbors
Battles with Hittites led to first peace treaty

5. 3 Kingdoms of Egypt Old Kingdom Middle Kingdom
New Kingdom
-Pharaohs were god-like
-Pharaohs buried in pyramids
-Great Sphinx built
-c BCE
-Spent lots of $ building pyramids
-Built the pyramids
-Tombs were easy to rob
-c BCE
-Golden age
-Created powerful army for defense
-Built hidden tombs
-Pharaohs were wise and good rulers
-Pharaohs buried in many different places
-C BCE
-Ramses the Great ruled
-Time of expansion
-Conquered other areas
-Pharaohs buried in the Valley of Kings

6. Egyptian Religion
Egyptians believed deities (gods) were responsible for every action in life
There were many types of gods.
Pharaohs were considered gods and built temples to honor themselves and other gods
Egyptians believed in the afterlife and when possible were buried with the comforts of life to use after death.

7. Mummification
At the beginning of civilization, only pharaohs were mummified. Later, anyone could be mummified
Process:
Removed the internal organs and preserved them
Filled the body with linen and salts and leave to dry out
Later placed new linen in the body
Wrapped in strips of linen before being buried

8. Egyptian Social Structure

9. Egyptian Social Structure
Viziers –advisors who controlled government policies
Overseer – responsible for part of the government (ex. Lead armed forces or department of flood control)
Nomarchs – governors, controlled the scribes, craftworkers and farmers
Scribes – writers and record keepers,
Craftworkers – provided goods
Farmers - provided food

10. Writing systems
Hieroglyphics
Hieratic writing – later replaced by demotic
Created papyrus to write on

11. Science and mathematics
Doctors diagnosed illnesses
Performed surgery
Mapped constellations
Prosthetic limb
Created the calendar
Using plants for cures
Math:
Geometry
Design
Calculating measurements
Engineering

12. Art and Literature Art in Egypt Literature in Egypt Statues Hymns
Wall painting
Carvings
Stone buildings and monuments
sculpture
Literature in Egypt
Hymns
Prayers
Proverbs
Love poems
Folk tales