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Cellular Respiration Release of energy stored in food molecules The process by which living things release energy from food

Cellular Respiration Exchange O2 gas for CO2 PHOTOSYNTHESIS glucose http://www.citelighter.com/science/science/knowledgecards/glucose

Cellular Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP Equation C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP THE OPPOSITE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS 6 CO2 + 6 H2O+ light energy  C6H12O6 + 6 O2

Cell Respiration Overview

Cellular Respiration Energy released from glucose is “banked” in ATP molecules ATP is used as energy for all body activities

Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration is 40% efficient (aerobic) 60% of energy from glucose is lost to the environment Anaerobic respiration is 2% efficient

Cellular Respiration Aerobic respiration: requires oxygen Anaerobic respiration: does not require oxygen

Cellular Respiration Overview Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain

Glycolysis Break down glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid Takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell Makes a small amount of ATP (2 ATP) Anaerobic Respiration

Glycolysis Convert glucose (6C) into two pyruvic acid molecules (3C) http://www.sliderbase.com/images/referats/618b/(3).PNG

Requires 2 ATP to get started Creates 4 ATP Net ATP Yield = 2 ATP http://science.halleyhosting.com/sci/soph/energy/resp/pics/glycolysissimple.gif

Krebs Cycle Breaks down pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide Takes place in the mitochondrial matrix Makes a small amount of ATP (2 ATP) AEROBIC

Krebs Cycle Pyruvic acid (3C) must first be converted to acetyl CoA (2C) Gives off CO2 Creates 1 NADH Acetyl CoA begins the cycle

Krebs Cycle For each “turn” of the cycle: 2 CO2 are given off 3 NADH are created 1 FADH2 is created 1 ATP is made NADH: carrying electrons from one reaction to another. FADH2, is a redox cofactor that is created during the Krebs cycle and utilized during the last part of respiration, the electron transport chain. ... In fact, more NADH is produced and used than FADH2 in the process of creating energy. http://www.printablediagram.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/krebs-cycle-diagram-simplified.jpg

Krebs Cycle acetyl-CoA is a molecule that contributes to many biochemical reactions in protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Its main function is to deliver the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) to be oxidized for energy production. NADH: carrying electrons from one reaction to another. FADH2: is a redox cofactor that is created during the Krebs cycle and utilized during the last part of respiration, the electron transport chain. ... In fact, more NADH is produced and used than FADH2 in the process of creating energy.

Krebs Cycle Takes place in the mitochondrial matrix Each glucose makes 2 turns of the cycle  

Electron Transport Chain Obtains electrons from NADH and FADH2 & passes them through a series of electron carriers Energy is released & ATP is made Takes place on the inner membrane of the mitochondria Makes lots of ATP (32-34 ATP) AEROBIC

Electron Transport Chain The NADH & FADH2 created earlier pass electrons to electron carriers on the inner mitochondrial membrane

Electron Transport Chain Energy is released, a concentration gradient of H+ is created, & ATP synthase converts ADP to ATP

Electron Transport Chain Each NAHD provides enough energy to create 3 ATP Each FADH2 provides enough energy to create 2 ATP

Cellular Respiration Overview

Electron Transport Chain Oxygen is the final electron acceptor WATER is created

Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Respiration Aerobic respiration: requires oxygen (all 3 steps of respiration)

Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Respiration Anaerobic respiration: does not require oxygen Glycolysis only Ex: bacteria & yeast

Anaerobic Respiration Fermentation: conversion of pyruvic acid to other products after anaerobic respiration

Fermentation Alcoholic fermentation: produces CO2 & ethyl alcohol Used in the bread and alcohol industry

Fermentation Lactic acid fermentation: produces lactic acid Used in dairy industry to make cheese & yogurt

Anaerobic Respiration Anaerobic respiration: O2 NOT required Glucose: pyruvate and small amount of ATP ATP production ends glycolysis Pyruvate is converted into other molecules (fermentation) Anaerobic Respiration Aerobic Respiration Fermentation/Lactate Net ATP =2 Citric acid cycle= Krebs cycle Net ATP=36 http://bio1151.nicerweb.com/Locked/media/ch09/anaerobic.html

Two Types of Fermentation Lactic acid fermentation happens in bacteria, fungi, and animal cells. an anaerobic fermentation reaction In activities that require high amount of glucose to be consumed by our muscles (exercise), energy is obtained from anaerobic metabolism of pyruvate and the by-product is lactate

Two Types of Fermentation Lactic acid fermentation When we exercise, the amount of lactate produced exceeds the rate at which the muscles can remove it leads to an uncomfortable, burning sensation in the muscles, especially those of the arms and legs, and is not responsible for the muscle soreness experienced by the person the day after. In fact, the burning sensation is just a warning sign that we are doing something that is a bit too hot to handle for our muscles.

Two Types of Fermentation Lactate The terms "lactate" and "lactic acid" are often used interchangeably, but there is a difference: lactic acid is an acid, which means it can release a hydrogen ion and bind with a positively charged sodium or potassium ion to form an acid salt. lactate production is part of the way your muscles get fuel to keep working, and exercising at too high an intensity for too long will lead to the buildup of lactic acid, which will make your working muscles burn.

Two Types of Fermentation Alcoholic Fermentation similar to lactic acid fermentation Instead of the pyruvate being reduced to lactate, it is reduced to ethanol, and lets off two molecules of CO2 along the way Used by: bacteria and yeast (yeast are fungi, btw). Humans "use" alcohol fermentation in another way, by using it to make bread, beer and wine.

Anaerobic Respiration: Review No Oxygen Glycolysis extended Fermentation Outside the mitochondria Only 2 ATP produced

Similarities and differences to anaerobic and aerobic respiration http://gottalovebio.wikispaces.com/H+Giavedoni

Biosynthesis ATP provides energy for biosynthesis reactions in cells Biosynthesis reactions form larger, more complex molecules from less-complex molecules Ex: starch from glucose Biosynthesis helps organisms to grow and maintain their structure Definition provided by definition bing.com biological production of chemical substances: the synthesis of chemical substances as the result of biological activity

Biosynthesis and Breakdown Metabolism: all chem. activities & changes that take place in the cell/organism All chem rxns in a cell are 2 types: Synthesis (biosynthesis): build up larger more complex molecules Breakdown/decomposition (decomp) rxns: break down larger molecules into smaller

Examples of Biosynthesis and Breakdown Build proteins from amino acids, which then build tissues, such as muscles and blood from proteins Breakdown: Cellular respiration, releases E & that E is provided from food

Importance of Food Provides E Organic Molecules for making sugar, amino acids, other compounds Without macromolecules cells could not repair or create new cells Photosynthesis provides food for producers How do heterotrophs get their food?

Digestion Digestion: breaking down larger molecules into smaller, simpler molecules Enzymes help break down of food Found in mouth, stomach, small intestine Speed up reactions Final digestion occurs in small Intestine

Sandwich process through digestion Contains: Carbs, proteins, fats sugar, amino acids, fatty acids These organic molecules then pass thru small intestine Cell membrane to blood stream From blood stream go into cells

Conversions Compounds Converted to Fats: Proteins: 3-C molecule and fatty acids- which enter Krebs Amino acids

Whether a protein, carb, or fat, each organic molecule must be synthesized from the matter the organism takes in Then it must be broken down so that the organisms can use the necessary organic molecules and energy