1. Cell Respiration

2. Consumers/ Heterotrophs Autotrophs use sunlight to make ATP and Glucose Heterotrophs – get glucose from eating other organisms and using it to make ATP.

3. Cell Respiration Cell Respiration-process by which the mitochondria break down glucose to make ATP. (produces 36-38 ATP’s) Opposite of photosynthesis (ATP to Glucose) Reaction 6 O 2 + C 6 H 12 O 6 6 H 2 O + 6 CO 2 + ATP Occurs in 3 Stages e-

4. Mitochondria Stage 1 in the cytoplasm Stage 2 in the matrix Stage 3 in the inner membrane cytoplasm

5. Glycolysis (stage 1) All glucose molecules first go through glycolysis –Anaerobic- no oxygen needed –Occurs in the cytoplasm –Produces: -2 net ATP molecules -2 NADH molecules (electron carrier) -2 Pyruvic Acid molecules -Hydrogen is released

6. Glycolysis 1 Molecule of Glucose 2 Molecules of G3P 2 Molecules of Pyruvate ** Gained 2 net ATP’s Gained 2 NADH’s Hydrogen is released

7. Citric Acid Cycle/ Krebs Cycle -stage 2- Aerobic- requires oxygen -occurs in the mitochondrial matrix -a 3 carbon Pyruvate is converted into a molecule of 2 carbon acetyl-CoA.(CO 2 is released) - This happens twice because there are two Pyruvates - 2 NADH’s are made CoA = co-enzyme A

8. Citric Acid Cycle cont’d -two Acetyl-CoA’s go through the citric acid cycle -CO 2 is released -6 molecules of NADH are made -2 molecule of FADH 2 (e- carrier) are made -Yields 2 molecules of ATP Hydrogen is released****

9. Electron Transport Chain Stage 3, Oxidative Phosphorylation -Aerobic- requires oxygen -occurs in inner membrane. -NADH delivers e-’s to the first protein in the ETC -FADH 2 delivers e-’s to the second protein in the ETC.

10. ETC Cont’d Each NADH yields about 3 ATP’s (give or take) Each FADH 2 yields about 2 ATP’s (give or take) As electrons flow down the chain they cause Hydrogens to get sucked out of the mitochondrial matrix into the inner membrane space.

11. ETC Cont’d As the concentration of H + ’s build up they are sucked back into the mitochondrial matrix through ATP synthase Oxygen is the final e- acceptor, it bonds with H + to make water (which is released) 32-34 ATP’s are produced****

12. Final ATP Count

13. Photosynthesis vs. Respiration

14. Fermentation Fermentation - anaerobic ATP production that occurs after glycolosis when oxygen is not available. (not efficient, 2 ATP’s) Two Types

15. Lactic Acid Fermentation Lactic Acid Fermentation- produces 2 ATP’s and lactic acid (lactate). The lactic acid is stored in muscles and turned into pyruvate. (ex. when exercising)

16. Alcoholic Fermentation Alcoholic Fermentation- produces 2 ATP’s, CO 2, and ethyl alcohol. (ex. yeast)

18. Glucose Glycolysis no oxygen oxygen Anaerobic Fermentation Aerobic Respiration Lactic Acid Fermentation Alcoholic Fermentation Electron Transport Chain Kreb’s Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) 32 ATP’s 2 ATP’s

19. You should now be able to: 1.Explain in general terms how redox reactions are involved in energy exchanges 2.Name the three stages of cellular respiration; for each, state the region of the eukaryotic cell where it occurs and the products that result 3.In general terms, explain the role of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

20. 4.Explain where and how the respiratory electron transport chain creates a proton gradient 5.Distinguish between fermentation and anaerobic respiration 6.Compare and contrast respiration and photosynthesis in terms of location, reactants, products, what is oxidized, what is reduced. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings