1. Cellular respiration 2018

2. Cellular respiration - process that releases energy from food in the presence of oxygen.

3. Autotrophs and heterotrophs must have food turned into energy by cellular respiration.

4. Energy in food is expressed by units called calories
Energy in food is expressed by units called calories. calorie – amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius.

5. cellular respiration equation
6 O2 + C6H12O6  6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy

6. Three Stages of cellular respiration: glycolysis Kreb’s Cycle Electron transport chain

7. Location of the stages Glycolysis – cytoplasm of cell Krebs cycle – mitochondria Electron transport chain – inner mitochondrial membrane

8. Oxygen requirements aerobic - in air anaerobic – without air
Glycolysis – anaerobic in cytoplasm
Krebs cycle and electron transport chain- aerobic in mitochondria

9. Photosynthesis vs. Cellular respiration
puts carbon dioxide back in atmosphere
uses oxygen to release energy from food
Removes carbon dioxide from atmosphere
Releases oxygen into atmosphere

10. Comparing
Cellular respiration
Photosynthesis

11. 9.2 The Process of Cellular Respiration
10. During glycolysis, 1 molecule of glucose, a 6 ­carbon compound, is transformed into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid, a 3­ carbon compound. (254)
ATP and NADH are also produced.
The process takes place in the cytoplasm where there is no oxygen.
Therefore, glycolysis is an anaerobic process.

12. Glycolysis
C6H12O6, glucose is turned into 2 molecules pyruvic acid (pyruvate) in the cytoplasm.
ATP and NADPH are produced too

13. Glycolysis ATP production:
2 ATP molecules are needed to start it
4 ATP molecules are produced, for a net gain of 2 ATP per molecule of glucose in glycolysis.
These 2 ATP molecules go in to the mitochondria and are used in the Kreb’s cycle

14. NADH Production in Glycolysis
NAD+ – electron carrier found in the cytoplasm of mitochondria
NADH – NAD+ joined with 2 high energy electrons
NADH carries these electrons to the electron transport chain.

17. Krebs cycle in mitochondria matrix
results in pyruvic acid being broken down into carbon dioxide, NADH, ATP, and FADH2.
FAD – electron carrier
FADH2 - FAD with 2e- and a H+ ion

18. Mitochondria matrix – innermost compartment of the mitochondrion
Contains oxygen

19. After glycolysis:
Pyruvic acid enters matrix and reacts to form acetyl- CoA which then enters the Krebs cycle.

20. Krebs cycle
acetyl CoA joins with other carbon molecules in the matrix to form citric acid.
a molecule of CO2 is produced and 2 high energy electrons are passed to NAD+ to produce NADH.

21. Citric acid is broken down through many reactions into a 4 and 5 carbon compound.
The 4 carbon compound recycle in matrix.

22. the Krebs cycle turns twice for each glucose molecule that enters glycolysis.

23. Notice how much energy goes to electron transport chain from glycolysis and Krebs cycle:

24. Three Steps Kreb’s Cycle Glycolysis 2 ATP 32 2 NADH 6 NADH Acetyl CoA
2 FADH2
2 NADH
2 NADH
6 NADH
Acetyl
CoA
Kreb’s
Cycle
Electron
Transport
Chain
Glycolysis
2 ATP
2 ATP 32

25. electron transport chain in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Membrane has electron carriers and ATP synthase
aerobic process.

26. Intermembrane space is between the inner membrane and the outer membrane of the mitochondria.
Has build up of hydrogen ions during ETC

27. 23. Steps of electron transport chain:
NADH and FADH2 give off high energy electron to pass down the ETC through electron carriers
Oxygen in mitochondria accepts hydrogen ions and electrons to make water

28. H+ ions move across the inner mitochondrial membrane and into the intermembrane space because of energy released by electrons.

29. When concentration of hydrogen ions build up in the intermembrane space, they pass through ATP synthase
when the synthase molecule rotates a phosphate is added to ADP, making ATP

30. Electron transport chain – makes 32 ATP

31. 36 molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose made from all 3 stages of cellular respiration.

32. Electron Transport Chain Mitochondria inner membrane
Reactants
Products
Glycolysis
Cytoplasm outside mitochondria
C6H12O6
2 ATP
4 molecules ATP
Net gain only 2
2 pyruvate molecules
NADH
Krebs Cycle
In matrix of mitochondria
4CO2
2ATP
NADH & FADH2
6O2
32 ATP
6 H20
Electron Transport Chain Mitochondria inner membrane

33. 9.3 What happens if no oxygen in a cell?
Fermentation is a way to release energy from food molecules by producing ATP without oxygen.
Two types
Alcoholic fermentation
Lactic acid fermentation

34. What are the similarities?
Glycolysis – anaerobic
Reactants – pyruvic acid and NADH
One product – NAD+ which cycles back into the cytoplasm

35. What are the differences
What are the differences? Alcohol fermentation produces ethyl alcohol and CO2 Lactic Acid fermentation produces Lactic acid

36. fermentation occurs when
mitochondria in muscles run out of oxygen due to overuse
Bacteria can’t perform cellular respiration because they don’t have mitochondria

37. Both produce energy for yeast, microorganisms and eukaryotic cells out of oxygen

38. Other uses for fermentation
Alcoholic
Lactic Acid
yeast & microorganisms produce alcoholic beverages & yeast bread
Certain foods use the lactic acid for flavoring; cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, sour cream, pickles & sauerkraut

39. Photosynthesis Cellular respiration No. of steps Names of steps
Alternate pathways 2 3
Light independent cycle
Glycolysis
Krebs cycle
Electron Transport Cycle
Light dependent cycle
C4 and CAM
Lactic acid fermentation
Alcohol fermentation

40. 9.1 assessment a. Review Why do all organisms need food?
to gain energy to undergo processes of life
b. Relate Cause and Effect Why do macromolecules differ in the amount of energy they contain?
chemical structures differ in carbs, proteins, and fats so therefore the energy contained in their chemical bonds, differ.

41. 2. a. Review Write the overall reaction for cellular respiration.
6O2 + C6H12O6 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
b. Apply Concepts How does the process of cellular respiration maintain homeostasis at the cellular level?
Remember plasma membrane controls homeostasis
Things need to get in and out of cell to maintain homeostasis and some of them need the energy from break down of food to move things in and out of cell

42. 3. a. Review In what ways are cellular respiration and photosynthesis considered opposite processes?
Cellular respiration breaks down glucose; photosynthesis builds it
Cellular respiration uses oxygen; photosynthesis breaks H20 and releases oxygen.
b. Use Analogies How is the chemical energy in glucose similar to money in a savings account?
Chemical energy is stored in the bonds of glucose, just as money is stored in a savings account

43. 9.2 assessment 2 molecules of pyruvic acid 2 molecules of NADH
1a. Review What are the products of glycolysis?
2 molecules of pyruvic acid
2 molecules of NADH
a net gain of 2 ATP molecules

44. b. Compare and Contrast How is the function of NAD+ similar to that of NADP+?
Both electron carriers

45. 2. a. Review What happens to pyruvic acid in the Krebs cycle
2. a. Review What happens to pyruvic acid in the Krebs cycle? Pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide

46. b. Interpret Visuals Look at Figure 9–5 and list the products of the Krebs cycle. What happens to each of these products? CO2 is expelled in exhalation. The ATP molecules are used to power cellular activities. The NADH and FADH2 molecules are used in the electron transport chain to generate more ATP.

47. 3. a. Review How does the electron transport chain use the high energy electrons from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle? to power the “pumping” of H+ ions against a concentration gradient from the matrix to the intermembrane space

48. 3.b. Relate Cause and Effect How does the cell use the charge differences that build up across the inner mitochondrial membrane during cellular respiration?
The charge differences force protons through ATP synthase, which powers the conversion of ADP to ATP.

49. 4. a. Review How many molecules of ATP are produced in the entire breakdown of glucose? about 36 molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose b. Use Analogies How is the cell like a furnace? It can “burn” many different types of fuels, not just glucose. Also, a cell releases heat energy through the breakdown of glucose that heats the organism, just as a furnace releases energy to heat a building

50. 9.3 assessment a. Review Name the two main types of fermentation.
Lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation
b. Compare and Contrast How are alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation similar?
Both forms provide energy to the cell in the absence of oxygen, and both produce NAD+.
How are they different?
They are different in that alcoholic fermentation produces alcohol and carbon dioxide, while lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid.

51. 2.a. Review Why do runners breathe heavily after a sprint race?
When the race is over, the only way to get rid of lactic acid is through a chemical pathway that requires extra oxygen.
b. Sequence List the body’s sources of energy in the order in which they are used during a long-distance race.
ATP already in muscles
ATP made by lactic acid fermentation
ATP produced by cellular respiration