Protein Synthesis.

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RNA and Protein Synthesis

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Presentation transcript:

Protein Synthesis

The DNA Code The order of bases along the DNA strand codes for the order in which amino acids are chemically joined together to form a polypeptide (protein)

Protein synthesis involves two types of nucleic acids: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) RNA (ribonucleic acid)

RNA RNA, like DNA, is a polymer formed by a sequence of nucleotides Three Types of RNA: messenger RNA (mRNA) transfer RNA (tRNA) ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Differences Between DNA and RNA DNA RNA double-stranded single-stranded sugar = deoxyribose sugar = ribose bases = A,T,C,G bases = A,U,C,G (uracil takes the place of thymine)

Protein Synthesis involves two processes: Transcription: the copying of the genetic message (DNA) into a molecule of mRNA (Happens in nucleus) Translation: mRNA is used to assemble an amino acid sequence into a polypeptide (Happens in cytoplasm)

Transcription occurs in the nucleus of the cell 1) DNA strand separates and serves as a template (pattern) for mRNA assembly

2) free mRNA nucleotides match up to the exposed nucleotides on the DNA strand

mRNA strand leaves the DNA strand when a “stop codon” is reached http://www.johnkyrk.com/DNAtranscription.html mRNA strand leaves the DNA strand when a “stop codon” is reached the mRNA strand carries the code for the production of one polypeptide (protein)

A sequence of 3 bases called a codon codes for one amino acid

Translation occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell, at the ribosome 1) mRNA moves out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm to a ribosome

2) mRNA is “read” by the ribosome and is converted to a chain of amino acids with the help of tRNA

mRNA Codon Chart

http://www.johnkyrk.com/DNAtranslation.html

As the mRNA moves across the ribosome, tRNAs temporarily attach As the mRNA moves across the ribosome, tRNAs temporarily attach. The amino acids are joined by a chemical bond by enzymes until a stop codon is reached a polypeptide (protein) is produced

Huntington’s Disease The sequence is cytosine, adenine, and guanine, or CAG, which codes for the amino acid glutamine that is a building block for protein synthesis. In Huntington disease, patients have too many repeats. While unaffected individuals normally have 11-24 repeats, a person with Huntington disease may have anywhere from 36-100 or more repeats.

Huntingon’s Disease

Animations https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bpMhgAGybe4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h5mJbP23Buo