1. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS CHAPTER 10 section 4

2. Starting with DNA
DNA ‘s code must be copied and taken to the cytoplasm
In the cytoplasm, this code must be read so amino acids can be assembled to make polypeptides (proteins)
This process is called PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

3. RNA Differs from DNA RNA has a sugar ribose
DNA has a sugar deoxyribose
RNA contains the base uracil (U)
DNA has thymine (T)
RNA molecule is single-stranded
DNA is double-stranded

4. .
Three Types of RNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA) copies DNA’s code & carries the genetic information to the ribosomes
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), along with protein, makes up the ribosomes
Transfer RNA (tRNA) transfers amino acids to the ribosomes where proteins are synthesized

5. DNA  RNA  Protein Protein Synthesis
The production or synthesis of proteins happens in two phases: Transcription & Translation
DNA  RNA  Protein

6. Transcription
During transcription, RNA polymerase enzyme binds to a promoter on DNA and separates the DNA strands
A promoter is a specific nucleotide sequence of DNA where the RNA polymerase binds and starts transcription.
RNA Polymerase then uses one strand of DNA as a template to assemble nucleotides into RNA
Once the Polymerase reaches a terminal signal (the stop sign), the RNA polymerase releases the RNA and DNA

8. The Genetic Code
Three adjacent nucleotides (letters) in mRNA codes for a specific amino acid (word)
A codon designates an amino acid
An amino acid may have more than one codon
There are 20 amino acids, but 64 possible codons
Some codons tell the ribosome to stop translating

9. The Genetic Code
Use the code by reading from the center to the outside
Example: AUG codes for Methionine

10. Translation
Translation is the process of decoding the mRNA into a polypeptide chain
Ribosomes read mRNA 1 codon at a time and construct the proteins
tRNA carrying the amino acid specified by the codon binds and a peptide bond is formed between the two amino acids.
This process continues until a stop codon is reached.
The ribosome then falls apart.

11. Codons and Anticodons
The 3 bases of an anticodon are complementary to the 3 bases of a codon
Example: Codon ACU
Anticodon UGA
UGA
ACU

12. copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale

13. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS ANIMATION