Biochemistry Ms Caldarola

Warm up 9/29 Define these terms Nucleic acids Nucleotides Proteins Amino acids

Intro to Biomolecules Large organic molecules found in living things are known as biomolecules Many are known as “macromolecules” because its size Biomolecules are made from thousands of smaller molecules Biomolecules are formed by a process known as polymerization Polymerization – large compounds are built by joining smaller one together

Macromolecule Macromolecules - large molecules made up of smaller organic molecules There are four classes of macromolecules: Carbohydrates Lipids proteins nucleic acids

Biomolecules biomolecule – an organic molecule produced by living organisms and made mostly of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen 2 types Organic molecules – “chemicals of life” Contain carbon Inorganic molecules Does not contain carbon

Monomer Monomer – molecules that may react with other similar molecules to form a chain

Polymer Polymer – chain of many monomers that are chemically bonded together

How are polymers formed Polymers are formed thought a process called dehydration synthesis or condensation. During this process, 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom are removed from the monomers to form water, then, 2 monomers are joined together

How are polymers broken apart? Polymers are broken apart by the reverse of condensation, a process called hydrolysis. During this process, water is added to the polymer, which “un-links” the chain and breaks the polymer back into its original monomer units

Lets talk about sugar.. The word saccharide means sugar Types of Sugar Prefix Mono means 1 Di means 2 Poly means many Types of Sugar Monosaccharide Disaccharide Polysaccharides Animals: Excess sugar is stored as glycogen Plants: excess sugar is stored as starch and cellulose

Carbohydrates Carbohydrates – groups of organic molecules the includes sugar, starches, and cellulose Living things use carbohydrates as a source of energy Carbohydrates Structure: macromolecules: polysaccharides such as starch, glycogen, cellulose Subunit: monosaccharides (simple sugar) such as glucose and galactose Functions: energy, cell wall, structural support

Carbohydrates Structure: made up of C, H, and O atoms Ratio- 1Carbon:2 Hydrogen:1 Oxygen (CHO) Subunits: monosaccharides like glucose and fructose Subunits are connected by covalent bonds

Lipids Lipids – group of organic molecules that includes fats, phospholipids (part of cell membrane), oils, waxes, and steroids Made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms Lipids Structure : fats, waxes phospholipids, and steroids Subunit: glycerol and fatty acids or glycerol, fatty acids and a phosphate group or five fused hydrocarbon rings (steroids) Functions: store energy, component of cellular membranes (waterproof covering), hormones, insulation in animal tissues

Lipids Structure: they are insoluble in water, and do not form large polymers – just 2 or 3 fatty acids with glycerol (diglyceride and triglyceride) How are they formed? When a glycerol molecule combines with a fatty acids

Lipids 2 types of bonds Saturated When a carbon atom in a lipids fatty acid chain is joined to another carbon atom by a single bond Fatty acids contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms Unsaturated One carbon-carbon double bond in a fatty acid Lipids who fatty acids contain more than one double bond are polyunsaturated

Proteins Proteins – groups of organic molecules that provide structure and facilitate chemical reactions Contains nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Proteins Structure: macromolecules: polypeptides arranged in a biologically functional way (globular proteins, fibrous proteins, and membrane proteins)

Protein Subunit: chains of amino acids sometimes called peptides Polymers of molecules called amino acids Amino acid (-NH2) on one end and a carboxyl group (-COOH) on the other Covalent bonds called peptides bonds like the amino acids together to form polypeptides

Proteins Function: acts as a catalysis enzymes (speed rate of chemical reactions) transport of materials structural component in cells mechanical functions (muscle, cytoskeleton), cell signaling immune response

Nucleic Acid Nucleic Acid – group of organic molecules including DNA and RNA Contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus Nucleic Acid Structure: macromolecules: Polynucleotides (DNA, RNA) Functions: encode genes, gene expression (storage and retrieval of information)

Nucleic Acid Subunit: nucleotides Nucleotides – polymers assembled from monomers Includes ATP – adenosine triphosphate Made of 5 carbon sugar, a nitrogen base, & phosphate groups (-PO4)