Sectionalism (1812-1855) Chapter Focus: How did nationalism and sectionalism affect the United States from the early 1800s to the mid-1800s?

Democracy and the Age of Jackson Focus: What changes did Andrew Jackson represent in American political life? Election 1824 New Political Party emerges (Democrats) Democracy changes Four Candidates All Democratic Republicans (for now) John Quincy Adams William Crawford Andrew Jackson Henry Clay

Democracy and the Age of Jackson Election of 1824 No clear winner Jackson and Adams Jackson takes popular vote Neither wins Electoral Vote No majority Second time in history - House elects the President – Adams Adams supporters refer to themselves as National Republicans

Democracy and the Age of Jackson criticizes Adams throughout his presidency “Corrupt Bargain” Adams Appointing Clay as Secretary of State (trade-off for support) Prepares for next election during Adams presidency Travels the country Jackson Support Martin Van Buren pushes for support (Jackson)

Democracy and the Age of Jackson Democracy expands: 1810’s 1840’s States re-write their constitutions Voting becomes easier Previously, must own land! Factory workers not able to vote!! Voting requirements loosened White Men Paid Tax Voter turnout increased 30-80% Still others held back Free Blacks Women American Indians

Democracy and the Age of Jackson Jacksonian Democracy Campaigning Jackson paints himself as “common- man” Wounded War Vet (1812 vs. Indians) Log cabin Orphaned as a child Lawyer Planter

Democracy and the Age of Jackson Jackson wins 1828 Election New Party “Democrats” Supporters of Jackson Return to Jeffersonian Ideals Ease regional tensions by: States Stronger Federal Government less power No interference (slavery)

Democracy and the Age of Jackson Jackson’s Party Structure Disciplined committees Threw out those who broke rank Rewards the faithful with government positions Ex) Van Buren becomes Secretary of State “Spoils System” Political jobs in exchange for party loyalty “To the victor, go the spoils”

Democracy and the Age of Jackson Jackson’s Native American Removal Southerners wanted Indians Removed Even those that were “civilized” Jackson was in agreement Battled Creeks and Seminoles Creek War 1814 Seminole War 1818

Democracy and the Age of Jackson Indian Removal Act 1830 Jackson’s plan Offer natives lands westward (OK) Some leave early Other stay and resist - fought and beaten Cherokee tribe protested Refused to leave Government sent in US troops

Democracy and the Age of Jackson “Trail of Tears” U.S. Soldiers remove natives 16,000 Indians Travel by foot to Oklahoma 4,000 + die on the journey Still resist in other areas Second Seminole War (Florida) Black Hawk’s War (Illinois)

Constitutional Disputes Focus: What major political issues emerged during the 1830s? Protective Tariff (protection of American industry) North favored South opposed Nullification Crisis 1828 - Tariff of Abominations Extremely high tariff Tried to protect industry Angered southerners John C. Calhoun Jackson’s VP Pushed for nullification States void any federal law they feel is unconstitutional

Nullification Crisis Nullification Crisis Calhoun (SC) Hopes Jackson will nullify tariff Jackson only lowers Calhoun not happy Calhoun resigns as VP Writes “South Carolina Exposition and Protest” Pushed for SC to nullify “Unconstitutional” Pushes for other states to do the same Threaten to secede from nation if govn’t forced

Jackson Protects the Union Nullification Crisis Jackson Protects the Union Hayne - Webster Debate Daniel Webster- pro Federal Hayne- pro States Webster helps pass: Force Bill Gave Jackson right to send troops to enforce federal law If needed* Crisis averted Tariff lowered –SC reduces militancy toward govn’t Force Bill nullified Secession? not yet – POSTPONED*

Jackson Opposes the Bank The Bank War Jackson favored the South Agrarian society Saw the bank and paper money as corrupt Few rich, many poor * Bank did have many supporters, especially the North

Jackson Opposes the Bank Bank War 1832- Congress votes Renew Bank’s charter Jackson Vetoes the vote Sees as advancement of few at the expense of many Shocks Congress (veto rarely used) The bank supporters denounce Jackson Tyrannical* , ignoring the rights of congress

Whig Party Forms Whigs WHIG Party forms as result of veto Henry Clay Daniel Webster Nationalist Favor Strong national government – loose interpretation American System Tariffs, Nat’l Bank, internal improvements Two- Party System (again) Whigs vs. Democrats

Whig Party Forms 1832- Election Jackson wins again Defeats Henry Clay (Whig)

Andrew Jackson- Term Two Jackson’s Second Term Andrew Jackson- Term Two Finished off the National Bank Withdrew funds & placed in state bank Dead by 1836 Costly decision Weakened economy Lead to massive inflation

Politics After Jackson 1836- Martin van Buren – elected president Jackson’s VP Rough time in office Economy fails Thanks in part to Jackson

Politics After Jackson Panic of 1837 Jackson stopped accepting paper money months earlier To purchase federal land Drop in land value & sales Banks/Businesses go bankrupt Planters & farmers lose land Jobs lost in all sectors One in three Wages drop 30% Worst depression to date in US History

William Henry Harrison - President 1840 Election Whigs regain strength William Henry Harrison - President John Tyler as VP Use slogans, and propaganda to gain voter attention Tippecanoe (Harrison’s victory) and Tyler Too

Harrison Wins Election- 1840 Whig Victory Harrison Wins Election- 1840 Dies of Pneumonia One month into term Tyler takes over Rejects Whig plans (Oh my!) No national bank NO Clay’s American System