STABILIZING WORLD POPULATION THE HUMAN POPULATION STABILIZING WORLD POPULATION
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Relate total fertility rates to each of the following: cultural values, social & economic status of women, availability of family planning services, and government policies Explain the link between education and total fertility rates 9/13/2018 Ecological Footprint
WHAT FACTORS AFFECT FERTILITY RATE? human population has extended to almost all habitable areas on Earth unlikely death rate will increase substantially in the foreseeable future only way for population to stabilize is if birth rates drop factors that influence total fertility rate (TFR): cultural traditions, women’s social & economic status, family planning, & government policies 9/13/2018 Ecological Footprint
CULTURE & FERTILITY culture – values & norms of society society’s culture: language, beliefs, spirituality influences individuals behavior gender roles – different societies have different gender expectations couples are expected to have # of children traditional to their society many cultures support high TFRs, especially in developing countries culture - what’s considered right & important & what is expected of a person 9/13/2018 Ecological Footprint
CULTURE & FERTILITY motivation: high infant & child mortality rates; TFR must be high to compensate world infant & child mortality rates decreasing but still imbedded in cultures to maintain high TFRs 9/13/2018 Ecological Footprint
CULTURE & FERTILITY motivation: important economic & societal roles of children work in family enterprises such as farming, or commerce, contributing to family’s livelihood 2008: ~176 million children (5-14 yo) worked full time (14.5% of child population in world) child laborers exposed to dangerous, unhealthy conditions chronic health problems don’t receive education Source: International Labor Organization 9/13/2018 Ecological Footprint
CULTURE & FERTILITY developing countries: child labor happens more developed countries: children have < value as labor source attend school < human labor needed in industrial society 9/13/2018 Ecological Footprint
Highly Developed Countries Children have less value as a source of labor so children are able to attend school Highly developed countries provide social services for the elderly, decreasing reliance on offspring to care for aging parents 9/13/2018 Ecological Footprint
CULTURE & FERTILITY motivation: many cultures place a higher value on male children than on female children social pressure to have male children high TFR motivation: religious values, ethnic groups, & residence Studies done in U.S. show differences in TFR among Catholics (highest), Protestants, Jews, & no religious affiliation (lowest) Source: International Labor Organization 9/13/2018 Ecological Footprint
THE SOCIAL & ECONOMIC STATUS OF WOMEN gender inequality exists in varying degrees in most societies: women don’t have the same rights, opportunities, or privileges as men women lower political, social & economic status not guaranteed = legal rights, education, employment & earnings, or political participation ~90 million girls aren’t given opportunity to receive a primary education marriage usually only way to achieve social influence & economic growth women don’t have the same rights, opportunities, or privileges as men women have lower lower political, social, economic, & health status than men More women live in poverty, particularly in developing countries Women not guaranteed equality in legal rights, education, employment & earnings, or political participation. 9/13/2018 Ecological Footprint
THE SOCIAL & ECONOMIC STATUS OF WOMEN single most important factor affecting high TFRs: low status of women in many societies effective strategy for reducing population growth then is to improve social & economic status of women marriage age & reproduction vs. education women don’t have the same rights, opportunities, or privileges as men women have lower lower political, social, economic, & health status than men More women live in poverty, particularly in developing countries Women not guaranteed equality in legal rights, education, employment & earnings, or political participation. 9/13/2018 Ecological Footprint
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THE SOCIAL & ECONOMIC STATUS OF WOMEN women with more education tend to marry later & have fewer children more opportunities & ways to achieve status know how control fertility improve health of families decreased infant & child mortality smaller family size associated with increased family income progress has been made to increase literacy & narrow gender gap \ 9/13/2018 Ecological Footprint
FAMILY PLANNING SERVICES availability of health & family planning services & contraceptives reduces TFR educate people about basic maternal & child health care reproductive physiology & contraceptives 9/13/2018 Ecological Footprint
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GOVERNMENT POLICIES & FERTILITY laws establishing minimum age people can marry 0r amount of education required governments may a lot part of their budgets to family planning services, education, health-care, old age security, or incentives for smaller or larger family sizes tax structure – additional charges or allowances based on family size also influences fertility 9/13/2018 Ecological Footprint
GOVERNMENT POLICIES & FERTILITY governments of developing countries taking measures to limit population growth – sponsor family planning projects which are integrated with health care, education, economic development, & efforts to improve women’s status 9/13/2018 Ecological Footprint
QUESTIONS TO COMPLETE p. 164 #2 p. 167 #1-3 p. 174 #1-2 p. 180 #1-2 p. 185 #1-2 9/13/2018 Ecological Footprint