1. Environmental Science
DEMOGRAPHY
Environmental Science

2. Basic Vocabulary Demography : study of human populations
study of factors that affect population growth
Migration:
Movement of individuals
Emigration – individuals moved out of the area
Immigration – individuals moved into the area
Life expectancy - the average number of years a person is expected to live
Fertility Rate - number of babies born each year per 1,000 women
Birth Rate – same as fertility rate
Death Rate – number of deaths each year per 1,000 people

3. Developed vs. Developing Countries
developed countries typically have:
developing countries typically have:
High average incomes
Slow population growth
Diverse industrial economies
Social support systems - i.e. social security , LINK cards
Low death rate
Low infant mortality
High life expectancy (i.e. 60+)
Low incomes
Simply, farm-based economies
Rapid population growth (high birthrate)
No social support systems
High death rate
High infant mortality
Low life expectancy (i.e. age 35)

4. School children in DEVELOPING nation

5. Classroom in a DEVELOPED nation

6. 5 FACTORS THAT AFFECT A COUNTRY’S BIRTHRATE
1. SOCIAL /EDUCATIONAL STATUS OF WOMEN
** more education, less time for reproduction
2. GENERAL RELIGIOUS BELIEFS OF COUNTRY
** For example Roman Catholics, Muslims do not believe in using contraceptives or abortion
3. IMPORTANCE OF CHILD LABOR
** If children are needed for farming or other work, people will tend to have more children
4. AVAILABILITY OF BIRTH CONTROL
** People will be able to use it if it is readily available.
5. SOCIAL SECURITY OR RETIREMENT PLANS
** If there is no social supports available for people as they age, they will have to depend on their children for support = more children (higher birthrate)

7. What is happening to life expectancy worldwide?

8. Why is the world’s death rate presently declining?
Improved medical care
Increased infant mortality
Adequate food supply (due to advances in agriculture)
Access to clean water
Improved sewage removal
Access to vaccines

9. Infant Mortality Figures Among Developed and Developing Countries

10. Demographic Transition Model

11. What is the Demographic Transition Model?
The demographic transition model explains the transformation of countries from having high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates.
In developed countries this transition began in the eighteenth century and continues today.
Less developed countries began the transition later and are still in the midst of earlier stages of the model

12. Demographic Transition Explained
STAGE 1: Pre-Industrial
- Birth Rate and Death Rate HIGH
- Population is stable
STAGE 2: Transitional
Death Rates decline as conditions improve
- Better hygiene
- Improved nutrition
- Improved education
- Population is increasing

13. Demographic Transition Model

14. Demographic Transition Continued…
STAGE 3: Industrial
- Birth rate begins to decrease
- Population growth slows down
- Population is much larger in this stage
(due to high birth rate and decreasing death rate in Stage 2)
STAGE 4: Post-Industrial
Birth rate decreases below death rate
Population shows decline due to this happening