Bucket Review Early European capitalism: Was thwarted by the revival of chaotic urban life Saw a reduction in tariffs to promote economic interdependence Depended on trade agreements among major nations Promoted a move away from currencies fixed on precious metals Allowed private investors to participate in large-scale economic projects 1. E

Bucket Review What is a key difference between the British and French colonial settlements in the West Indies and those of the Spanish and Portuguese elsewhere in the Americas? a. Spanish & Portuguese settlements developed a more complex social structure than that of the British and French settlements in the West Indies b. British and French settlements relied far more on government involvement in the economy c. The Spanish and Portuguese settlements depended on slave labor, while those of Britain and France allowed only indentured servitude d. British and French settlements were more heavily influenced by indigenous peoples there e. Spanish and Portuguese settlements caused much more physical damage than the environmentally friendly sugar plantations of the Caribbean 1. E 2. A

The Ottoman Empire Ch. 19 (pp. 485 – 495)

Expansion and Frontiers Ottomans grew from small kingdom in 1300s, to an enormous Muslim Empire Encompassed parts of: West Asia North Africa Eastern Europe

Expansion and Frontiers Growth factors: Shrewdness of Osman (founder) & his descendants Control of the Dardanelles strait Skilled army Traditional cavalrymen Use of guns Christian prisoners of war

Central Institutions Led by dynastic sultans Ex. Mehmed II, Selim the Grim & Suleiman the Magnificent Succession became a problem as sultans often had family members murdered for fear of being overthrown Government was a centralized absolute monarchy Supported by Islamic scholars

Central Institutions Capital became Istanbul (once Constantinople) Converted Hagia Sophia into a magnificent mosque

Central Institutions Patriarchal Some lower class women participated in trade/small business Women in elite classes were veiled and, in some cases, secluded in harems (along with African slaves)

Central Institutions Janissaries Christian prisoners converted to Islam & used as soldiers Chosen using the devshirme system Levy of male children placed on Christian towns System also used to train & educate political officials Recruitment and use of bureaucratic elites, as well as the development of military professionals, was common among rulers who wanted to maintain centralized control over their populations and resources

Crisis of the Military State, 1585 - 1650 Rebellions arose in Anatolia for numerous reasons Taxes, religious revolt, land-holding issues, etc. Janissaries gained political power Became hereditary Devshirme system abolished Ottoman Empire was using tax farming to generate revenue for territorial expansion.

Economic Change and Growing Weakness, 1650 - 1750 Suleiman’s familial policies weakened the role of the sultan Rebellions disrupted agriculture Patrona Halil Ottomans lost control of seaborne trade to Europeans Became dependent on European cash crops (ex. tobacco) State rivalries provided significant challenges to state consolidation and expansion Ottoman-Safavid conflict Egypt, Baghdad & other areas began to slip from control of the Ottomans