1. Key Concept 4.3 1450-1750 State Consolidation and Imperial Expansion

2. Meaning… Empires expanded and conquered people around the world, but often had difficulties incorporating culturally, ethnically and religiously diverse subjects and administrating distant territories Agents of European powers moved into existing trade networks around the world In Africa and the greater Indian Ocean European “empires” consisted of interconnected trading posts and enclaves In the Americas, European empires were settled and territory was controlled The new Atlantic trade system included the African slave trade

3. And Empires all over the world experimented with new and more efficient means of taxation, adding an additional strain on peasant producers sometimes leading to rebellion Empires all over the world pursued strategies of centralization Rules used public displays of art and architecture to legitimize state power African states shared some characteristics with larger Eurasian empires

4. A. Rulers used a Variety of Methods to Legitimize and Consolidate Their Power Religious ideas, monumental architecture and art are used to legitimize their rule European ideas about the divine right of kings Safavid use of Shiism Mexica or Aztec practice of human sacrifice Songhay promotion of Islam Chinese emperors public performance of Confucian rituals

5. And States treated different ethinic and religious groups that used their economic contributions while limiting their ability to challenge the authority of the state, such as non-Manchus in Qing China, Ottoman treatment of their non-Muslim subjects and Spanish creation of a separate Republica de Indios Recruitment and use of bureaucratic elites, as well as military professionals became more common among rulers who wanted to maintain centralized control Rulers used tribute collection and tax farming to generate revenue for territorial expansion

6. B. Imperial Expansion relied on the Increased Use of Gunpowder and Armed Trade to Establish Large Empires in Both Hemispheres Europeans established trading posts in Africa and Asia which were profitable for the rulers and merchants, but led to some disruption of power in the interior of Africa Land empires—Manchu, Mughal, Ottoman and Russian expanded greatly in size European states established maritime empires in the Americas, including the Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, French and British

7. C. Competition Over Trade Routes, State Rivalries and Local Resistance Made Significant Changes in State Expansion Piracy in the Caribbean Omani-European rivalries in the Indian Ocean 30 years war Ottoman-Safavid conflict Food Riots, Samurai revolts and peasant rebellions