Protein Synthesis The formation of proteins based on information in DNA and carried out by RNA. (Gene expression)

Flow of Genetic Information

Ribonucleic Acid 3 Types of RNA Messenger RNA (mRNA)- Carries the instructions from DNA (group of 3 nitrogen bases called codon) Transfer RNA (tRNA)- Transfers amino acids to the ribosome to make a protein Has 3 nucleotides on one end (anticodon) and the corresponding amino acid on the other (codon). Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)- Make up Ribosomes

Messenger RNA (mRNA) Carries the instructions from DNA Group of 3 nitrogen bases are called a codon

Transfer RNA (tRNA) Transfers amino acids to the ribosome to make a protein Has 3 nucleotides on one end (anticodon) and the corresponding amino acid on the other (codon).

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Make up Ribosomes

Difference between DNA & RNA Both RNA Deoxyribose Sugar Nucleic Acid Ribose Sugar Nitrogen base T Nucleotide -Phosphate group -Sugar - Nitrogen Base (A, C, G) Nitrogen base U Double Strand Genetic Info Single Strand 1 Type 3 Types (MRNA, tRNA & rRNA)

1st step to Protein Synthesis- TRANSCRIPTION mRNA The process by which ______ is made from part of the ______ sequence that codes for a protein (gene) Transcription is taking the original (master) blueprint DNA and making _______ in the form of RNA This RNA blueprint will be used to assemble _________ DNA copies proteins

Steps of Transcription An ______, RNA polymerase unzips the DNA molecule at the region of the gene that is being transcribed Free _____________ form base pairs with their complementary nucleotides on the DNA strand mRNA threads away and the _____ strand rejoins mRNA leaves the _______ and goes to the cytoplasm (__________) enzyme DNA - RNA A - U T - A C - G G - C RNA nucleotides DNA nucleus ribosome

Transcription

A Codon is a group of 3 nucleotides in mRNA that specifies an ___________ (building blocks of protein) Think of the ______ as the drawings on the blueprint for the genetic code amino acid codon

What would the RNA strand read if the DNA strand read: AGC TAA CCG UCG AUU GGC

2nd step in Protein Synthesis- TRANSLATION mRNA Use the codon of _______ to specify the sequence of amino acids to build a _____ It is time for the Blueprint (DNA-mRNA) to be read The Blueprint (______) is sent to the construction site (________) Decoding of the genetic instructions protein mRNA ribosome

Steps of Translation ______ arrives at the Ribosome tRNA __________ are complementary to the mRNA ________ tRNA picks up an __________ and delivers the amino acid to the ___________ Amino acids are assembled into polypeptide chains, to form ______, held together with peptide bonds mRNA Codon Anti-codon mRNA tRNA A - U U - A G - C anti-codons codon amino acid ribosome proteins

DNA Replication and Protein Synthesis Video

Mutations

Mutation GENETIC MUTATIONS (pp. 307-308) A mutation is a________________________. Although many mutations are harmful, some mutations are _________, and others may be very ____________ to an organism. There are two categories of mutations: A. Chromosomal Mutations A chromosomal mutation involves a change in the ______________ of the entire chromosome or a change in the total ____________ of chromosomes. Does not alter individual ________. These errors generally occur during _____________ or ____________. change in the DNA sequence silent beneficial structure number genes mitosis meiosis

Chromosomal Mutations

Gene Mutations: A gene mutation is a change in one gene on an individual chromosome. This may result in a change in only one _________ or many nucleotides making up that gene might be altered. The incidence of gene mutations is relatively low due to the action of _________ that _________ the DNA sequence after __________.There are two types of gene mutations: nucleotide enzymes proofread replication

Point Mutations – This is a change in one or just a few ___________, but the total number of nucleotides in the gene is not changed. This might have no effect, or change one amino acid. Therefore, the resulting ________ may or may not be altered. 2. Frameshift Mutations – This involves the __________ or __________ of a ____________. When a nucleotide is inserted or deleted, this shifts the reading of the remainder of the ________; therefore, the ___________ of the remainder of the mRNA is altered. This will usually result in tremendous changes in the _______________ chain and completed protein. nucleotides protein addition deletion nucleotide codons translation amino acid

Gene Mutations