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PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
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DNA and Genes
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DNA
DNA contains_______, sequences of nucleotide bases
These Genes code for ___________ (proteins)
________ are used to build cells and do much of the work inside cells
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Genes & Proteins
Proteins are made of ______________linked together by peptide bonds
____ different amino acids exist
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Polypeptides
Amino acid chains are called __________
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DNA Begins the Process
______ is found inside the _______
_________, however, are made in the _________ of cells by organelles called ribosomes
Ribosomes may be free in the cytosol or attached to the _______________________
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Starting with DNA
______ ____must be copied and taken to the cytosol
In the cytoplasm, this _______________ so amino acids can be assembled to make polypeptides (proteins)
This process is called _____________________
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RNA
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9. _____ is the MASTER PLAN _____ is the BLUEPRINT of the Master Plan
Roles of RNA and DNA
_____ is the MASTER PLAN
_____ is the BLUEPRINT of the Master Plan
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RNA Differs from DNA
RNA has a sugar _______
DNA has a sugar ___________
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Other Differences
RNA contains the base ______ (U)
DNA has ______ (T)
RNA molecule is ______-______
DNA is ______-________
DNA
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Structure of RNA
Like DNA, RNA is a polymer of nucleotides. In an RNA nucleotide, the sugar ribose is attached to a phosphate molecule and to a base, either G, U, A, or C. Notice that in RNA, the base uracil replaces thymine as one of the pyrimidine bases. RNA is single-stranded, whereas DNA is double-stranded.
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Three Types of RNA
_________ ____ (mRNA) copies DNA’s code & carries the genetic information to the ribosomes
_________ ____ (rRNA), along with protein, makes up the ribosomes
_________ ____ (tRNA) transfers amino acids to the ribosomes where proteins are synthesized
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The Genetic Code
A _____ designates an _____ _____
An amino acid may have more than one codon
There are 20 amino acids, but _______________
Some codons tell the ribosome to ____ translating
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15. Remember the Complementary Bases
On DNA:
A-T
C-G
On RNA:
A-U
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Codons and Anticodons
The 3 bases of an anticodon are ___________ to the 3 bases of a codon
Example: Codon ACU
Anticodon UGA
UGA
ACU
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17. Transcription and Translation
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18. Pathway to Making a Protein
DNA
mRNA
tRNA (ribosomes)
Protein
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Protein Synthesis
The _________ or synthesis of ___________ (proteins)
Two phases: Transcription & Translation
mRNA must be processed before it leaves the nucleus of eukaryotic cells
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Transcription
The process of copying the sequence of one strand of DNA, the ______ ______
mRNA copies the template strand
Requires the enzyme ____ ___________
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Template Strand
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Question:
What would be the complementary RNA strand for the following DNA sequence?
DNA 5’-GCGTATG-3’
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Answer:
DNA 5’-GCGTATG-3’
RNA 3’-CGCAUAC-5’
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Transcription
During transcription, RNA polymerase binds to DNA and ______________________
RNA Polymerase then uses one strand of DNA as a template to assemble nucleotides into RNA
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RNA Polymerase
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mRNA Processing
After the DNA is transcribed into RNA, ______ must be done to the nucleotide chain to make the RNA functional
_______, non-functional segments of DNA are snipped out of the chain
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mRNA Editing
______, segments of DNA that code for proteins, are then rejoined by the enzyme _____
A guanine triphosphate cap is added to the 5” end of the newly copied mRNA
A poly A tail is added to the 3’ end of the RNA
The newly processed mRNA can then leave the nucleus
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28. Result of Transcription
New Transcript
Tail
CAP
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mRNA Transcript
mRNA leaves the nucleus through its pores and goes to the ribosomes
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Translation
Translation is the process of decoding the mRNA into a polypeptide chain
Ribosomes read mRNA three bases or 1 _____ at a time and construct the proteins
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Transcription
Transcription occurs when DNA acts as a template for mRNA synthesis. Translation occurs when the sequence of the mRNA codons determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein.
Translation
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Ribosomes
Made of a large and small subunit
Composed of rRNA (40%) and proteins (60%)
Have ____ ______ for tRNA attachment --- P and A
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Step 1- Initiation
mRNA ________ start codon AUG attaches to the small ribosomal subunit
Small subunit attaches to large ribosomal subunit
mRNA transcript
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Ribosomes
Large
subunit P
Site A
Site
mRNA A U G C
Small subunit
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Step 2 - Elongation
As ribosome moves, two tRNA with their amino acids move into site A and P of the ribosome
_______ _____ join the amino acids
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Initiation
2-tRNA G
aa2 A U
1-tRNA U A C
aa1
anticodon A U G C U A C U U C G A
hydrogen
bonds
codon
mRNA
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Elongation
3-tRNA G A
aa3
peptide bond
aa1
aa2
1-tRNA
2-tRNA
anticodon U A C G A U A U G C U A C U U C G A
hydrogen
bonds
codon
mRNA
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aa1
peptide bond
3-tRNA G A
aa3
aa2
1-tRNA U A C
(leaves)
2-tRNA G A U A U G C U A C U U C G A
mRNA
Ribosomes move over one codon
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peptide bonds
4-tRNA G C U
aa4
aa1
aa2
aa3
2-tRNA
3-tRNA G A U G A A A U G C U A C U U C G A A C U
mRNA
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peptide bonds
4-tRNA G C U
aa4
aa1
aa2
aa3
2-tRNA G A U
(leaves)
3-tRNA G A A A U G C U A C U U C G A A C U
mRNA
Ribosomes move over one codon
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peptide bonds U G A
5-tRNA
aa5
aa1
aa2
aa4
aa3
3-tRNA
4-tRNA G A A G C U G C U A C U U C G A A C U
mRNA
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peptide bonds U G A
5-tRNA
aa5
aa1
aa2
aa3
aa4
3-tRNA G A A
4-tRNA G C U G C U A C U U C G A A C U
mRNA
Ribosomes move over one codon
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aa5
aa4
aa199
Termination
aa3
primary
structure
of a protein
aa200
aa2
aa1
terminator
or stop
codon
200-tRNA A C U C A U G U U U A G
mRNA
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44. End Product –The Protein!
The end products of protein synthesis is a ______ ______ of a protein
A sequence of amino acid bonded together by peptide bonds
aa1
aa2
aa3
aa4
aa5
aa200
aa199
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Messenger RNA (mRNA) A U G C
mRNA
start
codon
codon 2
codon 3
codon 4
codon 5
codon 6
codon 7
codon 1
methionine
glycine
serine
isoleucine
alanine
stop
codon
protein
Primary structure of a protein
aa1
aa2
aa3
aa4
aa5
aa6
peptide bonds
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