1. 12-3 RNA and Protein Synthesis

2. The Roles of RNA and DNA
The cell uses the DNA “master plan” to prepare RNA “blueprints.” The DNA stays in the nucleus.
The RNA molecules go to the ribosomes, which are the protein building sites in the cytoplasm.

3. 12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Genes are coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins.
Genetic messages can be decoded by copying part of the nucleotide sequence from DNA into RNA.
RNA contains coded information for making proteins.

4. The Structure of RNA The Structure of RNA
RNA consists of a long chain of nucleotides.
Each nucleotide is made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

5. The Structure of RNA
There are three main differences between RNA and DNA:
The sugar in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose.
RNA is generally single-stranded.
RNA contains uracil in place of thymine.

6. Types of RNA
What are the three main types of RNA?

7. Types of RNA There are three main types of RNA: messenger RNA
ribosomal RNA
transfer RNA

8. Types of RNA
The three main types of RNA are messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA.
Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries copies of instructions for making amino acids into proteins.

9. Types of RNA
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is combined with proteins to form ribosomes.
Its help translate the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) into protein.
The three main types of RNA are messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA. Ribosomal RNA is combined with proteins to form ribosomes.

10. Types of RNA
Transfer RNA (tRNA) transports amino acids to the polypeptide chains and then to the ribosomes during protein synthesis.
The three main types of RNA are messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA.

11. Transcription
What is transcription?

12. Transcription
RNA molecules are made by copying part of a nucleotide sequence of DNA into a complementary sequence in RNA.
Transcription requires the enzyme RNA polymerase.

13. Transcription
During transcription, RNA polymerase binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands.
RNA polymerase then uses one strand of DNA as a template and makes the new strand of RNA from that DNA information

14. Transcription RNA RNA polymerase DNA
During transcription, RNA polymerase uses one strand of DNA as a template to assemble nucleotides into a strand of RNA.

15. The Genetic Code
The code is written using four “letters” (the bases: A, U, C, and G).
U = uracil

16. The Genetic Code
A codon consists of three consecutive nucleotides on mRNA that specify a particular amino acid.
A codon is a group of three nucleotides on messenger RNA that specify a particular amino acid.

17. The Genetic Code
Each codon specifies a particular amino acid that is to be placed on the polypeptide chain.
Some amino acids can be specified by more than one codon.

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The Genetic Code
The genetic code shows the amino acid to which each of the 64 possible codons corresponds. To decode a codon, start at the middle of the circle and move outward.
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19. The Genetic Code
There is one codon AUG that can either specify the amino acid methionine or serve as a “start” codon for protein synthesis.
There are three “stop” codons that do not code for any amino acid. These “stop” codons signify the end of a polypeptide.

20. Translation
What is translation?

21. Translation
Translation is the decoding of an mRNA message into a polypeptide chain (protein).
Translation takes place on ribosomes.
During translation, the cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins.

22. Translation
Messenger RNA is transcribed in the nucleus, and then enters the cytoplasm where it attaches to a ribosome.
Nucleus
During translation, or protein synthesis, the cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins. The cell uses all three main forms of RNA during this process.
mRNA

23. Translation
Translation begins when an mRNA molecule attaches to a ribosome.
As each codon of the mRNA molecule moves through the ribosome, the proper amino acid is brought into the ribosome by tRNA.
In the ribosome, the amino acid is transferred to the growing polypeptide chain.

24. Translation Each tRNA molecule carries only one kind of amino acid.
In addition to an amino acid, each tRNA molecule has three unpaired bases.
These bases, called the anticodon, are complementary to one mRNA codon.

25. The ribosome binds new tRNA molecules and amino acids as it moves along the mRNA.
Lysine
Phenylalanine
tRNA
Methionine
Ribosome
During translation, or protein synthesis, the cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins. The cell uses all three main forms of RNA during this process.
mRNA
Start codon

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Translation
Protein Synthesis
Lysine
tRNA
During translation, or protein synthesis, the cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins. The cell uses all three main forms of RNA during this process.
mRNA
Translation direction
Ribosome
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Translation
The process continues until the ribosome reaches a stop codon.
Polypeptide
Ribosome
tRNA
During translation, or protein synthesis, the cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins. The cell uses all three main forms of RNA during this process.
mRNA
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28. The sequence of bases in DNA is used as a template for mRNA.
Codon
Codon
Codon
The sequence of bases in DNA is used as a template for mRNA.
The codons of mRNA specify the sequence of amino acids in a protein.
Single strand of DNA
Codon
Codon
Codon
mRNA
This diagram illustrates how information for specifying the traits of an organism is carried in DNA. The sequence of bases in DNA is used as a template for mRNA. The codons of mRNA specify the sequence of amino acids in a protein, and proteins play a key role in producing an organism’s traits.
Alanine
Arginine
Leucine
Amino acids within a polypeptide

29. The role of a master plan in a building is similar to the role of which molecule?
messenger RNA
DNA
transfer RNA
ribosomal RNA

30. A base that is present in RNA but NOT in DNA is
thymine.
uracil.
cytosine.
adenine.

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The nucleic acid responsible for bringing individual amino acids to the ribosome is
transfer RNA.
DNA.
messenger RNA.
ribosomal RNA.
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32. A codon typically carries sufficient information to specify a(an)
single base pair in RNA.
single amino acid.
entire protein.
single base pair in DNA.