1. Protein Synthesis
The formation of proteins based on information in DNA and carried out by RNA. (Gene expression)
Flow of Genetic Information:
DNA “unzips”  Transcription- makes RNA  Translation- makes protein

2. DNA Review questions What is the shape of DNA? What are the monomers?
List the three parts that make up the monomers.
What type of bonds holds the parts of the monomer together?
What type of bonds hold the two strands of DNA together?
Where is DNA found in eukaryotic cells?
What is Chargaff’s rule?
What is the process in which more DNA is made?
What breaks the bonds between the nitrogen bases for this process to occur?
When during the cell cycle does this process occur?
What form is DNA found when the cell is not dividing? When it is dividing?

3. 3 Types of RNA Messenger RNA (mRNA) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Transfer RNA (tRNA)

4. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Carries the instructions from DNA

5. Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Transfers amino acids to the ribosome to make a protein
Has 3 nucleotides on one end (anticodon) and the corresponding amino acid on the other (codon).

6. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Make up Ribosomes

7. Pictures of RNA
mRNA
tRNA
rRNA

8. Difference between DNA & RNA
Both
RNA
Deoxyribose Sugar
Nucleic Acid
Ribose Sugar
Nitrogen base T
Nucleotide
-Phosphate group
-Sugar
- Nitrogen Base (A, C, G)
Nitrogen base U
Double helix
(double strand)
Genetic Info
Single Strand
1 Type
3 Types
(mRNA, tRNA & rRNA)
Found ONLY in Nucleus
Can leave the nucleus

9. Transcription
mRNA
The process by which ______ is made from part of the ______ sequence that codes for a protein (gene)
Transcription is taking the original (master) blueprint DNA and making _______ in the form of RNA
This RNA blueprint will be used to assemble _________
DNA
copies
proteins

10. Steps of Transcription
An ______, RNA polymerase unzips the DNA molecule at the region of the gene that is being transcribed
Free _____________ form base pairs with their complementary nucleotides on the DNA strand
mRNA threads away and the _____ strand rejoins
mRNA leaves the _______ and goes to the cytoplasm (__________)
enzyme
DNA - RNA
A U
T A
C G
G C
RNA nucleotides
DNA
nucleus
ribosome

11. A Codon is a group of 3 nucleotides in mRNA that specifies an ___________ (building blocks of protein)
Think of the ______ as the drawings on the blueprint for the genetic code
amino acid
codon

12. Transcription

14. What would the RNA strand read if the DNA strand read:
AGC TAA CCG
UCG AUU GGC

15. Definition of Translation
mRNA
Use the codon of _______ to specify the sequence of amino acids to build a _____
It is time for the Blueprint (DNA-mRNA) to be read
The Blueprint (______) is sent to the construction site (________)
Decoding of the genetic instructions
protein
mRNA
ribosome

16. Steps of Translation ______ arrives at the Ribosome
tRNA __________ are complementary to the mRNA ________
tRNA picks up an __________
_____ delivers the amino acid to the ___________
Amino acids are assembled into polypeptide chains, to form ______, held together with peptide bonds
mRNA
Codon Anti-codon
mRNA tRNA
A U
U A
G C
anti-codons
codon
amino acid
tRNA
ribosome
proteins

17. When the mRNA is first transcribed, there are long sequences of ___________ that are not required for the synthesis of the protein called _____. The DNA sequences that code for the protein are known as ______. Introns are edited out (cut out) of the mRNA before it leaves the nucleus and the remaining ______ are spliced together to form the final mRNA
nucleotides
introns
exons
exons

18. Protein Synthesis Video

19. Mutations

20. Mutation
GENETIC MUTATIONS (pp ) A mutation is a________________________. Although many mutations are harmful, some mutations are _________, and others may be very ____________ to an organism. There are two categories of mutations: A. Chromosomal Mutations A chromosomal mutation involves a change in the ______________ of the entire chromosome or a change in the total ____________ of chromosomes. Does not alter individual ________. These errors generally occur during _____________ or ____________.
change in the DNA sequence
silent
beneficial
structure
number
genes
mitosis
meiosis

21. Chromosomal Mutations

22. Gene Mutations:
A gene mutation is a change in one gene on an individual chromosome. This may result in a change in only one _________ or many nucleotides making up that gene might be altered. The incidence of gene mutations is relatively low due to the action of _________ that _________ the DNA sequence after __________.There are two types of gene mutations:
nucleotide
enzymes
proofread
replication

23. Point Mutations – This is a change in one or just a few ___________, but the total number of nucleotides in the gene is not changed. This might have no effect, or change one amino acid. Therefore, the resulting ________ may or may not be altered.
2. Frameshift Mutations – This involves the __________ or __________ of a ____________. When a nucleotide is inserted or deleted, this shifts the reading of the remainder of the ________; therefore, the ___________ of the remainder of the mRNA is altered. This will usually result in tremendous changes in the _______________ chain and completed protein.
nucleotides
protein
addition
deletion
nucleotide
codons
translation
amino acid

24. Gene Mutations