Human Communication: The Basic Course Twelfth Edition PowerPoint™ Presentations prepared by: Naomi Young University of California, San Diego Joseph A. DeVito Hunter College of the City University of New York

Chapter Two: Culture and Communication This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Culture and Communication Learn About Culture’s role in human communication The ways cultures differ from one another The forms and principles of intercultural communication Learn To: Send and receive messages with a recognition of cultural influences and differences Communicate effectively in intercultural situations Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What Is Culture? Specialized lifestyle of a group of people Values, beliefs, artifacts, behaviors Ways of behaving and thinking Passed from one generation to the next through enculturation Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What Is Culture? Cont… Sex/Gender Enculturation Acculturation Biological/socially constructed Enculturation Acculturation Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Importance of Culture in Communication Demographic changes Cultural sensitivity Economic interdependency Communication technology Politeness Communication competence Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Aim of a Cultural Perspective Distinguish what is universal vs. relative Influences communication of all types Effectively communicate with persons who are culturally different from yourself Helps us understand spectrum of acceptable communication Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Cultural Differences Orientation (individualist or collectivist) Contexts (high or low) Power structure Masculinity-Femininity Tolerance for ambiguity Long- and short- term Orientation Indulgence and Restraint Cultural Differences Tolerance for ambiguity Long- and short- term Orientation Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Individualist Cultures Individual goals High competition Success—surpassing others Individually responsible Leaders and followers Power, achievement, hedonism, stimulation Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Collectivist Cultures Group goals Cooperation Responsible for entire group Leadership (shared and rotated) Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

High-Context Information is known by all participants but is not explicitly stated in verbal message Collectivist cultures Japanese, Arabic, Latin American, Thai, Korean, Apache, and Mexican are examples Emphasis on personal relationship Oral communication Getting to know one another interpersonally and socially Face-saving Avoiding arguments Criticism should take place only in private Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Low-Context Information explicitly stated, often written Individualist cultures German, Swedish, Norwegian, and American are examples Less emphasis on personal relationships Everything has to be stated explicitly Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Power Distances High-power-distance cultures Low-power-distance cultures Friendship and dating relationships Selection influenced by the power distance Confrontation View of direct confrontation and assertiveness Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Masculine Cultures Material success and strength Socialized assertive, ambitious, and competitive Competitiveness and aggressiveness Stress the bottom line Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Feminine Culture Modesty Quality of life Tenderness Utilize compromise and negotiation Emphasize worker satisfaction Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

High- Tolerant Ambiguity Cultures Tolerant of uncertainty Minimize rules of communication Encourage cultural difference Welcomes change Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Low-Ambiguity Tolerant Culture Avoid uncertainty High anxiety Adhere to strict rules in communication Prefer highly structured experiences Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Long- term Orientation Promotes the importance of future rewards Marriage as practical vs. emotional Believe in humility as a virtue Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Short-term Orientation Focus is on the ‘past’ Marriage is a moral agreement Humility only for women Values profiting in the future Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Indulgence Emphasizes gratification of desires Greater optimism Focus on fun and enjoying life More people in this culture exhibit ‘happiness’, based on two factors: Life control and leisure Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Restraint Foster regulation of gratification Have more people who are unhappy Cynical and pessimistic Value thrift Place minimal importance on friendship Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Recognize Ethnocentrism Tendency to see others and their behaviors through your own cultural filters Ethnic identity Commitment to the beliefs and philosophy of your culture Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Intercultural Communication Communication among people who have different cultural beliefs, values, or ways of behaving Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Effective Intercultural Communication Recognize and reduce ethnocentrism Confront stereotypes Increase mindfulness Avoid overattribution Recognize differences Adjust your communication Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Culture and Communication Knowledge to Action: What values, beliefs, artifacts, and behaviors would you use to introduce a friend to your culture? Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.