Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology Eleventh Edition Chapter 7 The Axial Skeleton Lecture Presentation by Deborah A. Hutchinson Seattle University © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Learning Outcomes 7-1 Identify the bones of the axial skeleton, and specify their functions. 7-2 Identify the bones, foramina, and fissures of the cranium and face, and explain the significance of the markings on the individual bones. 7-3 Describe the structure and functions of the orbital complex, nasal complex, and paranasal sinuses. 7-4 Describe the key structural differences among the skulls of infants, children, and adults. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Learning Outcomes 7-5 Identify and describe the curves of the spinal column, and indicate the function of each. 7-6 Identify the five vertebral regions, and describe the distinctive structural and functional characteristics of the vertebrae in each region. 7-7 Explain the significance of the joints between the thoracic vertebrae and ribs, and between the ribs and sternum. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Bell Work Please Pick Up One of Each Handout: 1. Atlas of the Human Skeleton 2. Skeleton Labeling 3. Bone Markings 4. Skeleton Note Sheet © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Bell Work Please Pick Up One of Each Handout: Atlas of the Human Skeleton Sign Out Book on Roster Skeleton Labeling Quiz – Tuesday (11/28) Bone Markings Review – On Quiz Skeleton Note Sheet For you to use to study for your practicum © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Divisions of the Skeleton Axial skeleton Bones of head and trunk Forms longitudinal axis of body Appendicular skeleton Bones that support the limbs © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Axial Skeleton © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Axial Skeleton Functions of the axial skeleton Supports and protects organs in body cavities Provides points of attachment for muscles that Adjust positions of head, neck, and trunk Perform breathing movements Stabilize parts of appendicular skeleton © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Axial Skeleton Axial skeleton has 80 bones Skull 8 cranial bones and 14 facial bones Bones associated with the skull 6 auditory ossicles and hyoid bone Thoracic cage Sternum and 24 ribs Vertebral column 24 vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–1a The Axial Skeleton. SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 APPENDICULAR SKELETON (see Figure 8-1) Cranium 8 Skull Face 14 Skull and associated bones 29 Auditory ossicles 6 Associated bones Hyoid 1 Sternum 1 Thoracic cage 25 Ribs 24 Vertebrae 24 Vertebral column 26 Sacrum 1 Coccyx 1 ATLAS: Plates 1a,b a An anterior view of the entire skeleton, with the axial components highlighted. The numbers in the boxes indicate the number of bones in the adult skeleton. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–1b The Axial Skeleton. Skull Skull Cervical vertebrae Sternum Thoracic vertebrae Ribs Ribs Costal cartilages Lumbar vertebrae Lumbar vertebrae ATLAS: Plates 1a,b Sacrum Sacrum Coccyx Coccyx b Anterior (top) and posterior (bottom) views of the axial skeleton. The individual bones associated with the skull are not visible. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Axial Skeleton Axial skeleton has 80 bones Skull 8 cranial bones and 14 facial bones Bones associated with the skull 6 auditory ossicles and hyoid bone Thoracic cage Sternum and 24 ribs Vertebral column 24 vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Skull The skull contains 22 bones 8 cranial bones form the cranium Including calvaria (skullcap) Enclose cranial cavity, containing the brain 14 facial bones Protect and support entrances to digestive and respiratory tracts © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–2a Cranial and Facial Subdivisions of the Skull. CRANIUM 8 Occipital bone 1 Parietal bones 2 Frontal bone 1 Temporal bones 2 Sphenoid 1 Ethmoid 1 Frontal bone Parietal bone Temporal bone Ethmoid Sphenoid Occipital bone Cranial bones surround and protect the brain. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–2b Cranial and Facial Subdivisions of the Skull. FACE 14 Maxillae 2 Palatine bones 2 Nasal bones 2 Inferior nasal conchae 2 Zygomatic bones 2 Lacrimal bones 2 Vomer 1 Mandible 1 Nasal bone Lacrimal bone Vomer Zygomatic bone Maxilla Mandible Facial bones protect and support the entrances to the digestive and respiratory tracts. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–2c Cranial and Facial Subdivisions of the Skull. ASSOCIATED BONES 7 Hyoid bone 1 Auditory ossicles enclosed in temporal bones (detailed in Chapter 17) 6 Hyoid bone Auditory ossicles The auditory ossicles would fit easily on the surface of a dime. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cranial Bones of the Skull Occipital bone Parietal bones Frontal bone Temporal bones Sphenoid Ethmoid © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–5a The Occipital and Parietal Bones. Hypoglossal canal Occipital condyle Foramen magnum Inferior nuchal line External occipital crest Superior nuchal line External occipital protuberance a Occipital bone, inferior view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–5b The Occipital and Parietal Bones. Superior temporal line Inferior temporal line b Right parietal bone, lateral view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–6a The Frontal Bone. (metopic) suture Forehead Superior temporal line Glabella Supra-orbital margin Supra-orbital notch a Anterior surface © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–7a The Temporal Bones. Petrous part Squamous part (cerebral surface) Internal acoustic meatus Mastoid process Zygomatic process Styloid process a Medial view of the right temporal bone © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Foramen rotundum Prechiasmatic sulcus Optic canal Lesser wing Foramen Figure 7–8a The Sphenoid. Foramen rotundum Prechiasmatic sulcus Optic canal Lesser wing Foramen ovale Greater wing Foramen spinosum Sphenoidal spine Sella turcica a Superior surface © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Ethmoidal labyrinth Olfactory foramina Cribriform plate Crista galli Figure 7–9a The Ethmoid. Ethmoidal labyrinth Olfactory foramina Cribriform plate Crista galli Perpendicular plate a Superior surface © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Sutures of the Skull © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Sutures of the Skull Sutures Immovable joints of the skull Four major sutures Lambdoid suture Coronal suture Sagittal suture Squamous sutures © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Sutures of the Skull Lambdoid suture Separates occipital from parietal bones May contain sutural bones (Wormian bones) Coronal suture Attaches frontal bone to parietal bones Sagittal suture Between parietal bones From lambdoid suture to coronal suture Squamous sutures Join temporal bones with parietal bones © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–3a The Adult Skull. Major Sutures of the Skull Sagittal suture Parietal bone (left) Parietal bone (right) Lambdoid suture Occipital bone Squamous suture Temporal bone Mastoid process Styloid process ATLAS: Plates 4a,b; 5a–e Occipital condyle External occipital protuberance Mandible a Posterior view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–3b The Adult Skull. Occipital bone Major Sutures of the Skull Lambdoid suture Parietal bone (right) Parietal bone (left) Sagittal suture Coronal suture ATLAS: Plates 4a,b; 5a–e Frontal bone Zygomatic Bone Nasal bones b Superior view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–3c The Adult Skull. Major Sutures of the Skull Parietal bone Frontal bone Coronal suture Sphenoid Squamous suture Supra-orbital foramen Temporal bone Nasal bone Lambdoid suture Lacrimal bone Squamous part of temporal bone Ethmoid Infra-orbital foramen Occipital bone Maxilla External acoustic meatus Zygomatic bone Mastoid process ATLAS: Plates 4a,b; 5a–e Styloid process Mandible Zygomatic process of temporal bone Mental foramen Zygomatic arch Mental protuberance Temporal process of zygomatic bone c Lateral view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Sutures of the Skull The occipitomastoid suture is the cranial suture between the occipital bone and the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. It is continuous with the lambdoidal suture. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Sinuses of the Skull Sinuses Air-filled chambers in the skull Functions Decrease weight of the skull Lined with mucous membranes, which produce mucus to moisten and clean the air Serve as resonating chambers in speech production © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cranial Bones of the Skull Cranial Fossa Anterior Cranial Fossa Posterior Cranial Fossa Middle Cranial Fossa What is a fossa? a depression or hollow, usually in a bone © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cranial Bones of the Skull Occipital bone Parietal bones Frontal bone Temporal bones Sphenoid Ethmoid © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–5a The Occipital and Parietal Bones. Hypoglossal canal Occipital condyle Foramen magnum Inferior nuchal line External occipital crest Superior nuchal line External occipital protuberance a Occipital bone, inferior view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cranial Bones of the Skull Occipital bone General functions Forms much of posterior and inferior surfaces of cranium Joints Parietal bones Temporal bones Sphenoid First cervical vertebra (atlas) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cranial Bones of the Skull Occipital bone Regions/markings External occipital protuberance—small bump at midline on inferior surface External occipital crest for attachment of ligamentum nuchae Occipital condyles articulate with first vertebra Inferior and superior nuchal lines are attachment sites of muscles and ligaments © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cranial Bones of the Skull Occipital bone Foramina Foramen magnum connects cranial cavity with vertebral canal Jugular foramen for internal jugular vein Hypoglossal canals for hypoglossal nerves What is a foramen? an opening, hole, or passage, especially in a bone. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–5a The Occipital and Parietal Bones. Hypoglossal canal Occipital condyle Foramen magnum Inferior nuchal line External occipital crest Superior nuchal line External occipital protuberance a Occipital bone, inferior view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–5b The Occipital and Parietal Bones. Superior temporal line Inferior temporal line b Right parietal bone, lateral view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cranial Bones of the Skull Parietal bones General functions Form part of superior and lateral surfaces of the cranium Joints With each other and with occipital, temporal, frontal, and sphenoid bones © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cranial Bones of the Skull Parietal bones Regions/markings Superior and inferior temporal lines attach temporalis muscle Grooves for cranial blood vessels © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–5b The Occipital and Parietal Bones. Superior temporal line Inferior temporal line b Right parietal bone, lateral view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–6a The Frontal Bone. (metopic) suture Forehead Superior temporal line Glabella Supra-orbital margin Supra-orbital notch a Anterior surface © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cranial Bones of the Skull Frontal bone General functions Forms the anterior part of cranium and roof of eye sockets Contains frontal sinuses Joints Parietal, sphenoid, ethmoid, nasal, lacrimal, maxillary, and zygomatic bones © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cranial Bones of the Skull Frontal bone Regions/markings Forehead Supra-orbital margin (protects eye) Glabella (between supra-orbital margins) Lacrimal fossa (for lacrimal gland) Frontal sinuses © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cranial Bones of the Skull Frontal bone Foramina Supra-orbital foramen For blood vessels of eyebrows, eyelids, and frontal sinuses Supra-orbital notch An incomplete supra-orbital foramen © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–6a The Frontal Bone. (metopic) suture Forehead Superior temporal line Glabella Supra-orbital margin Supra-orbital notch a Anterior surface © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–6b The Frontal Bone. Supra-orbital foramen Supra-orbital margin Frontal sinus Lacrimal fossa b Inferior (orbital) surface © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–7a The Temporal Bones. Petrous part Squamous part (cerebral surface) Internal acoustic meatus Mastoid process Zygomatic process Styloid process a Medial view of the right temporal bone © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cranial Bones of the Skull Temporal bones General functions Form parts of lateral walls of cranium and zygomatic arches Articulate with mandible Surround and protect internal ear Attach muscles of jaws and head Joints Zygomatic, sphenoid, parietal, and occipital bones, and mandible © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cranial Bones of the Skull Temporal bones Regions/markings Squamous part Zygomatic process Mandibular fossa Mastoid process Styloid process Petrous part Auditory ossicles © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cranial Bones of the Skull Squamous part Borders the squamous suture Zygomatic process Inferior to the squamous part Articulates with temporal process of zygomatic bone Together, these processes form zygomatic arch Mandibular fossa Site of articulation with mandible © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cranial Bones of the Skull Mastoid process For muscle attachment Contains mastoid cells that connect to middle ear cavity Styloid process Attaches tendons and ligaments of the hyoid, tongue, and pharynx Petrous part Encloses structures of internal ear © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cranial Bones of the Skull Temporal bones Foramina External acoustic meatus ends at tympanic membrane Stylomastoid foramen for facial nerve Internal acoustic meatus contains Blood vessels and nerves of internal ear Facial nerve © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–7b The Temporal Bones. Squamous part Mandibular fossa External acoustic meatus Zygomatic process Styloid process Mastoid process b Lateral view of the right temporal bone © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–7a The Temporal Bones. Petrous part Squamous part (cerebral surface) Internal acoustic meatus Mastoid process Zygomatic process Styloid process a Medial view of the right temporal bone © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–7bc The Temporal Bones. Squamous part Mandibular fossa External acoustic meatus Zygomatic process External acoustic meatus Styloid process Mastoid process b Lateral view of the right temporal bone Mastoid process, cut to show mastoid cells c A cutaway view of the mastoid cells © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Foramen rotundum Prechiasmatic sulcus Optic canal Lesser wing Foramen Figure 7–8a The Sphenoid. Foramen rotundum Prechiasmatic sulcus Optic canal Lesser wing Foramen ovale Greater wing Foramen spinosum Sphenoidal spine Sella turcica a Superior surface © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cranial Bones of the Skull Sphenoid General functions Forms part of the floor of the cranium Unites cranial and facial bones Strengthens sides of the skull Contains sphenoidal sinuses Joints Ethmoid and frontal, occipital, parietal, and temporal bones, palatine bones, zygomatic bones, maxillae, and vomer © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cranial Bones of the Skull Sphenoid Regions/markings Body Sella turcica Hypophyseal fossa Sphenoidal sinuses Lesser wings Greater wings Pterygoid processes © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cranial Bones of the Skull Body Forms central axis of the sphenoid Sella turcica Saddle-shaped enclosure On superior surface of the body Hypophyseal fossa A depression within the sella turcica Holds the pituitary gland © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cranial Bones of the Skull Sphenoid Foramina Optic canals for optic nerves Prechiasmatic sulcus (optic groove) Superior orbital fissure For blood vessels and nerves of the orbit Foramen rotundum and foramen ovale For blood vessels and nerves of face and jaws Foramen spinosum For blood vessels and nerves of membranes © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Foramen rotundum Prechiasmatic sulcus Optic canal Lesser wing Foramen Figure 7–8a The Sphenoid. Foramen rotundum Prechiasmatic sulcus Optic canal Lesser wing Foramen ovale Greater wing Foramen spinosum Sphenoidal spine Sella turcica a Superior surface © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Ethmoidal labyrinth Olfactory foramina Cribriform plate Crista galli Figure 7–9a The Ethmoid. Ethmoidal labyrinth Olfactory foramina Cribriform plate Crista galli Perpendicular plate a Superior surface © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cranial Bones of the Skull Ethmoid General functions Forms Anteromedial floor of the cranium Roof of the nasal cavity Part of the nasal septum and medial orbital wall Contains ethmoidal cells (network of sinuses) Joints Frontal bone, sphenoid, maxillae, nasal, lacrimal, palatine bones, inferior nasal conchae, and vomer © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cranial Bones of the Skull Ethmoid Regions/markings Cribriform plate Ethmoidal labyrinth Perpendicular plate © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cranial Bones of the Skull Cribriform plate Forms roof of nasal cavity and floor of cranium (part) Contains crista galli to attach falx cerebri Ethmoidal labyrinths Consist of ethmoidal cells (air-filled cavities) Superior nasal conchae Middle nasal conchae Perpendicular plate Forms part of nasal septum © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cranial Bones of the Skull Ethmoid Foramina Olfactory foramina In the cribriform plate For olfactory nerves © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Ethmoidal labyrinth Olfactory foramina Cribriform plate Crista galli Figure 7–9a The Ethmoid. Ethmoidal labyrinth Olfactory foramina Cribriform plate Crista galli Perpendicular plate a Superior surface © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Crista galli Superior nasal concha Perpendicular plate Middle nasal Figure 7–9b The Ethmoid. Crista galli Superior nasal concha Perpendicular plate Middle nasal concha b Posterior surface © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Facial Bones of the Skull Maxillae Palatine bones Nasal bones Vomer Inferior nasal conchae Zygomatic bones Lacrimal bones Mandible Hyoid bone © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Facial Bones of the Skull Maxillae General functions Support upper teeth Form inferior orbital rims Form lateral margins of external nares Form upper jaw and most of hard palate Contain maxillary sinuses (largest sinuses) Joints Frontal bones, ethmoid, and with one another All other facial bones except the mandible © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Facial Bones of the Skull Maxillae Regions/markings Orbital rim protects eye and other structures Anterior nasal spine attaches anterior nasal septum Alveolar process supports upper teeth Palatine processes form most of hard palate Maxillary sinuses lighten the bone Nasolacrimal canal protects lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Facial Bones of the Skull Maxillae Foramina Infra-orbital foramen For sensory nerve to brain (via foramen rotundum of sphenoid) Inferior orbital fissure For cranial nerves and blood vessels © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–10a The Maxillae and Palatine Bones. Orbital rim Infraorbital foramen Anterior nasal spine Alveolar process Zygomatic process a Lateral view of the right maxilla. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Facial Bones of the Skull Palatine bones General functions Form posterior portions of hard palate Contribute to the floors of the orbits Joints With each other, maxillae, sphenoid, ethmoid, inferior nasal conchae, and vomer © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Facial Bones of the Skull Palatine bones Regions/markings Horizontal plate forms posterior part of hard palate Perpendicular plate extends from horizontal plate to orbital process of orbit floor Foramina Many in the lateral portion of the horizontal plate For small blood vessels and nerves of roof of the mouth © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–10b The Maxillae and Palatine Bones. (horizontal plate) Palatine process Alveolar process Maxillary sinus b Superior view of a horizontal section through right maxilla and palatine bone; note the size and orientation of the maxillary sinus. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Facial Bones of the Skull Nasal bones General functions Support bridge of the nose Connect to cartilages of distal parts of the nose that extend to external nares Joints With each other, ethmoid, frontal bone, and maxillae © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–11 The Smaller Bones of the Face (Part 1 of 2). Supra-orbital foramen Nasal bone Sphenoid Temporal bone Zygomaticofacial foramen Zygomatic bone Infra-orbital foramen Maxilla Perpendicular plate of ethmoid Vomer Bony nasal septum © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Facial Bones of the Skull Vomer General functions Forms inferior portion of the bony nasal septum Joints Maxillae, sphenoid, ethmoid, and palatine bones Cartilaginous part of the nasal septum © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Facial Bones of the Skull Zygomatic bones General functions Contribute to rims and lateral walls of orbits Form parts of zygomatic arches Joints Maxillae, sphenoid, frontal, and temporal bones © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Facial Bones of the Skull Lacrimal bones Smallest facial bones General functions Form parts of medial walls of orbits Joints Frontal bone, maxillae, and ethmoid Regions/markings Lacrimal sulcus Location of the lacrimal sac Leads to the nasolacrimal canal © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–11 The Smaller Bones of the Face (Part 1 of 2). Supra-orbital foramen Nasal bone Sphenoid Temporal bone Zygomaticofacial foramen Zygomatic bone Infra-orbital foramen Maxilla Perpendicular plate of ethmoid Vomer Bony nasal septum © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–11 The Smaller Bones of the Face (Part 2 of 2). Lacrimal sulcus Optic canal Superior orbital fissure Lacrimal bone Middle nasal concha Inferior nasal concha Temporal process of zygomatic bone Mastoid process Perpendicular plate of ethmoid Vomer Bony nasal septum © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Facial Bones of the Skull Mandible General functions Forms the lower jaw Joints Mandibular fossae of the temporal bones © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Facial Bones of the Skull Mandible Regions/markings Body of the mandible is horizontal portion Alveolar part supports the lower teeth Mental protuberance attaches facial muscles A depression on the medial surface for submandibular salivary gland Mylohyoid line for insertion of mylohyoid muscle Ramus ascending from the angle of the mandible on either side © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Facial Bones of the Skull Mandible Regions/markings On each ramus Condylar process articulates with temporal bone at temporomandibular joint Coronoid process—insertion point for temporalis muscle (closes the jaws) Mandibular notch separates condylar and coronoid processes © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Facial Bones of the Skull Mandible Foramina Mental foramina For sensory nerves of lips and chin Mandibular foramen Entrance to mandibular canal For blood vessels and nerves of lower teeth © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

temporomandibular joint Figure 7–12a The Mandible. Articular surface for temporomandibular joint Coronoid process Teeth Mandibular notch Alveolar part Head Mental protuberance Condylar process Body Ramus Angle Mental foramen a A lateral and slightly superior view of the mandible © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

A medial view of the right mandible Figure 7–12b The Mandible. Coronoid process Articular surface Alveolar part Condylar process Mandibular foramen Mylohyoid line Depression for submandibular salivary gland b A medial view of the right mandible © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Facial Bones of the Skull Hyoid bone General functions Supports the larynx Attaches muscles of larynx, pharynx, and tongue Joints Stylohyoid ligaments connect lesser horns to styloid processes of temporal bones © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Facial Bones of the Skull Hyoid bone Regions/markings Body of the hyoid Attaches muscles of larynx, pharynx, and tongue Greater horns Support larynx Attach muscles of the tongue Lesser horns Attach stylohyoid ligaments Support hyoid and larynx © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–13 A Superior View of the Hyoid Bone. Greater horn Lesser horn Body Superior view of the hyoid bone © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Orbital and Nasal Complexes Orbits (eye sockets) Seven bones of orbital complex form each orbit Frontal bone (roof) Maxilla (floor) Maxilla, lacrimal bone, and ethmoidal labyrinth (orbital rim and medial wall) Sphenoid and palatine bones Zygomatic bone (lateral wall and rim of orbit) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–14 The Orbital Complex (Part 1 of 2). Frontal bone Supra-orbital notch Sphenoid Optic canal Superior orbital fissure Ethmoid Lacrimal bone Palatine bone Lacrimal sulcus Nasolacrimal canal Zygomatic bone Maxilla Inferior orbital fissure Infra-orbital groove Infra-orbital foramen © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–14 The Orbital Complex (Part 2 of 2). Supra-orbital notch Frontal bone Sphenoid Optic canal Superior orbital fissure Ethmoid Lacrimal bone Nasolacrimal canal Inferior orbital fissure Zygomatic bone Infra-orbital groove Infra-orbital foramen Maxilla © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Orbital and Nasal Complexes Made up of bones enclosing nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses Frontal bone, sphenoid, and ethmoid Superior wall of nasal cavities Maxillae, lacrimal bones, ethmoid, and inferior nasal conchae Lateral walls of nasal cavities Maxillae and nasal bones Bridge of nose © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–15a The Nasal Complex. Frontal bone Frontal sinuses Sphenoid Ethmoid Sphenoidal sinus Nasal bone Nasal conchae of ethmoid Maxilla (bony palate) Superior Middle Inferior nasal concha Palatine bone (bony palate) a A sagittal section through the skull, with the nasal septum removed to show major features of the wall of the right nasal cavity. The frontal and sphenoidal sinuses are visible. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Orbital and Nasal Complexes Paranasal sinuses Air-filled chambers connected to nasal cavities Lighten skull bones Contain mucous epithelium Releases mucus into nasal cavities © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–15b The Nasal Complex. Frontal sinus Ethmoidal cells Sphenoidal sinus Maxillary sinus b Locations of the paranasal sinuses. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Fontanelles Infant skull Grows rapidly Is large compared to the body Has many ossification centers Fusion of bones is not complete at birth Two frontal bones Four occipital bones Several sphenoid and temporal elements © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Fontanelles Fontanelles Large areas of fibrous connective tissue Cover unfused sutures in the infant skull Allow the skull to flex during birth © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Fontanelles Sphenoidal fontanelles At junction of squamous and coronal sutures Mastoid fontanelles At junction of squamous and lambdoid sutures Anterior fontanelle (“soft spot”) At intersection of frontal, sagittal, and coronal sutures Posterior fontanelle At junction of lambdoid and sagittal sutures © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–16a Infant Skull and Fontanelles. Sphenoidal fontanelle Mastoid fontanelle Coronal suture Parietal bone Frontal bone Greater wing of sphenoid Nasal bone Maxilla Mandible Temporal bone Squamous suture Occipital bone Lambdoid suture a Lateral view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–16b Infant Skull and Fontanelles. Anterior fontanelle Posterior fontanelle Coronal suture Parietal bone Occipital bone Frontal bone Sagittal suture Frontal suture Frontal bone Parietal bone Lambdoid suture Coronal suture b Superior view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.