Enlightenment Ideas of the Enlightenment - - - - - - American Revolution “the revolution was not the war…the war was a result of the revolution” French Revolution

PARIS Heart of the Enlightenment

Middle Ages vs. Age of Reason Middle Ages Age of Reason

Middle Ages vs. Age of Reason Middle Ages Age of Reason Divine Right to Rule

Middle Ages vs. Age of Reason Middle Ages Age of Reason Divine Right to Rule Divine Right Irrational

Middle Ages vs. Age of Reason Middle Ages Age of Reason Divine Right to Rule Divine Right Irrational King answers only to God

Middle Ages vs. Age of Reason Middle Ages Age of Reason Divine Right to Rule Divine Right Irrational King answers only to God Kings answers to Social contract

Middle Ages vs. Age of Reason Middle Ages Age of Reason Divine Right to Rule Divine Right Irrational King answers only to God Kings answers to Social contract Aristocracy by birth

Middle Ages vs. Age of Reason Middle Ages Age of Reason Divine Right to Rule Divine Right Irrational King answers only to God Kings answers to Social contract Aristocracy by birth Social Justice

Middle Ages vs. Age of Reason Middle Ages Age of Reason Divine Right to Rule Divine Right Irrational King answers only to God Kings answers to Social contract Aristocracy by birth Social Justice Life, Liberty, and Property

Middle Ages vs. Age of Reason Middle Ages Age of Reason Divine Right to Rule Divine Right Irrational King answers only to God Kings answers to Social contract Aristocracy by birth Social Justice Life, Liberty, and Property Life, Liberty, and Pursuit of Happiness

Scientific Revolution Isaac Newton used mathematics to explain Gravity

Scientific Revolution Natural Laws Rules of conduct discoverable by Reason

Scientific Revolution Natural Laws Rules of conduct discoverable by Reason Utopia Perfect society

Thomas Hobbes John Locke PHILOSOPHES People were reasonable and Moral Naturally cruel Greedy and selfish Needed powerful government to maintain order Absolute Monarchy John Locke People were reasonable and Moral People had “Natural Rights” People formed Government to protect their rights Government has obligation to the people If Government becomes oppressive, overthrow them

PHILOSOPHES Montesquieu Separation of Powers

PHILOSOPHES Montesquieu Separation of Powers Checks and Balances

PHILOSOPHES Voltaire Freedom of Speech

Rousseau Wrote “Social Contract” PHILOSOPHES The balance of General Will vs Individual Rights

Mary Wollstonecraft Women should be educated

Denis Diderot PHILOSOPHES Encyclopedia France Put all beliefs into books of the Encyclopedia

Adam Smith PHILOSOPHES Free market based on Supply – Demand England The Wealth of Nations Free market based on Supply – Demand No government interference

Adam Smith PHILOSOPHES Free market based on Supply – Demand England The Wealth of Nations Free market based on Supply – Demand No government interference Laissez-faire economics Foundation of “Capitalism” in America

Adam Smith PHILOSOPHES Governments role was to Protect Society England The Wealth of Nations. Governments role was to Protect Society Administer Justice

Authors often challenged the “Old Order’ Censorship Authors often challenged the “Old Order’ Novels Story within the story Candide Exposes corruption, hypocrisy, and right to free speech Gulliver's Travels

Enlightened Despots (Kings) Frederick the Great Prussia (1740 – 1786)

Enlightened Despots (Kings) Frederick the Great Prussia (1740 – 1786) “First Servant of the State” Religious Tolerance “Heaven in his own Fashion”

Joseph II Enlightened Despots Holy Roman Empire ( 1765 – 1790 ) “The Peasant Emperor” Went out to the Pubs undercover… Extended Tolerance to Protestants and Jews Ended Censorship Sold Monasteries and Convents Ended Serfdom

All cancelled after he died But the seed had been planted

Most Europeans untouched by Middle Class or Courtly Culture

1700’s Late 1700’s Eastern Europe began to spread to peasant villages Serfdom spread to Russia Peasants could be bought and sold with land Late 1700’s began to spread to peasant villages and across the ocean to a bunch of colonist

Trading Cards Thomas Hobbes John Locke Adam Smith Mary Wollstonecraft Montesquieu Voltaire Rousseau Denis Diderot Frederick the Great Joseph II