IPS Chapter 3 Study Guide Section 1

Section 1 – Matter and Energy

Objective 1

(1) The main points of the kinetic theory of matter are: Matter behaves as if made of tiny particles. These particles are always in motion. Their speeds depend on the temperature of the substance and the size of the particle.

Objective 1 (2) All matter is made of atoms and molecules that are in motion.

Objective 1 (3) The speed of the atoms and molecules of a particular substance is determined by the size of the atoms and molecules and temperature of the substance.

Objective 1 (4) The kinetic theory states that the higher the temperature, the faster the particles that make up a substance move.

Objective 1 (5) The kinetic theory states that, at the same temperature, heavier particles move more slowly than lighter particles.

Objective 1 (6) The heavier a particle, the slower it moves.

Objective 1 (7) The kinetic theory of matter states that matter is made of particles whose speed is dependent on their mass and temperature.

Objective 1 (8) The speed of the atoms and molecules of a particular substance is determined by their mass and temperature.

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Objective 2 (9) Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in the object.

Objective 2 (10) The ability to change or to move matter is referred to as energy.

Objective 2 (11) As heat is added to a solid substance, the atoms vibrate faster and move apart.

Objective 2 (12) As heat is removed from a gaseous substance, the atoms move slower and begin clumping together.

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Objective 3 (13) The only state of matter that is not a fluid is solid.

Objective 3 (14) The only state of matter that has a definite volume, but not shape is liquid.

Objective 3 (15) The state of matter which will hold its shape without a container is solid.

Objective 3 (16) The most common state of matter in the universe is called plasma.

Objective 3 (17) A liquid has a definite volume, but no definite shape.

Objective 3 (18) When matter is liquid, the particles can slide past each other, but are still packed together.

Objective 3 (19) When matter is plasma, the particles have broken down and become ionized.

Objective 3 (20) When matter is solid, the particles are in a rigid, fixed structure.

Objective 3 (21) Finally, when matter is gas, the particles are in constant motion and rarely stick together.

Objective 3 (22) A solid holds its shape because its structure is rigid.

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Changes of State

Objective 4 (23) The process of a liquid becoming a gas is called evaporation.

Objective 4 (24) The process of a liquid becoming a solid is called freezing.

Objective 4 (25) The change of a substance from a solid directly to a gas is called sublimation. Energy is absorbed.

Objective 4 (26) Evaporation refers to the change of state from a liquid to a gas.

Objective 4 (27) The process of a gas directly becoming a solid is called sublimation. Energy is released.

Objective 4 (28) Condensation refers to the change of state from a gas to a liquid.

Objective 4 (29) When water freezes or condenses energy is released.

Objective 4 (30) When water melts or boils energy is absorbed.

Objective 4 (31) For any change of state to occur, energy must be transferred.

Objective 4 (32) Ice cubes left in the freezer for several months will become smaller because of sublimation.

Objective 4 (33) The six changes of state are melting, freezing, evaporation, condensation, and sublimation (solid to gas and gas to solid).

Objective 4 (34) When ice melts to form water, energy is absorbed.

Objective 4 (35) When water freezes to form ice, energy is released.

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Objective 5 (36) The law of conservation of mass states that mass cannot be created or destroyed.

Objective 5 (37) The two laws of conservation state that energy and mass cannot be destroyed.

Objective 5 (38) The law of mass conservation states that mass can be neither created nor destroyed.

Objective 5 (39) Energy may be converted from one form to another, but it cannot be created or destroyed.

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Chapter 3 Study Guide Section 2 – Fluids

Objective 1 (1) Buoyant force is the upward force exerted on an object immersed or floating on a liquid.

Objective 1 (2) What are examples of a fluid: liquid, gas, and air.

Objective 1 (3) The ability of an object to float on a fluid is influenced by the fluid's buoyant force.

Objective 1 (4) When an object floats, the buoyant force is equal to the weight of the object.

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Objective 2 (5) The principle of buoyancy was identified by Archimedes. Archimedes’ principle states that the buoyant force on an object in the fluid is equal to the weight of the displaced volume of fluid.

Objective 2 (6) The notion (idea) that an object floats if the buoyant force on the object is equal to the object's weight was described by Archimedes.

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Objective 3 (7) Ice and wood float in water because they are less dense than water.

Objective 3 (8) A brick sinks in water because it is more dense than water.

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Objective 4 (9) Pascal’s principle states that a fluid in equilibrium enclosed by a vessel exerts pressure equally in all directions.

Objective 4 (10) Pressure is calculated by dividing force by the area over which the force is exerted.

Objective 4 (11) Pascal's principle states that a contained fluid exerts pressure equally in all directions.

Objective 4 (12) The pressure of an enclosed fluid on which a force of 150 N is exerted over an area of 10 cm2 is Force / Area = (150 N) / (10 cm2) = 15 N/cm2 or 1.5 x 105 Pa.

Objective 4 (13) A hydraulic lift has 2 pistons, the areas of which are 25 cm2 and 750 cm2. A force of 500 N on the smaller piston is sufficient to lift a car of (500 N)*(750 cm2) / (25 cm2) = 15,000 N.

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Objective 5 (14) The resistance of a fluid to flow is referred to as viscosity.

Objective 5 (15) Bernoulli’s principle describes the property of a fluid in motion.

Objective 5 (16) Viscosity is a measure of the resistance to flow of a fluid.

Objective 5 (17) The speed at which fluid flows through a pipe is influenced by the flow rate of the fluid, the cross-sectional area of the pipe, and the viscosity of the fluid.

Objective 5 (18) Bernoulli’s principle tells us that as the pressure of a moving liquid increases, its speed decreases. It also tells us that as the pressure of a moving liquid decreases, its speed increases.

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Section 3 – Behavior of Gases Chapter 3 Study Guide Section 3 – Behavior of Gases

Definitions - Boyle’s law Relates pressure of a gas to its volume As pressure increase, volume decreases P1V1 = P2V2 Constant temperature

Definitions - Charles’s Law Relates temperature of a gas to its volume As temperature increases, volume increases V1/T1 = V2/T2 Constant pressure

Definitions - Gay-Lussac’s Law Relates temperature of a gas to its pressure As temperature increases, pressure increases P1/T1 = P2/T2 Constant volume

Objective 1 (1) When a fixed sample of gas increases in volume, it must also decrease in pressure or increase in temperature.

Objective 1 (2) Gases are unique in comparison to solids and liquids because they are easily compressible.

Objective 1 (3) As gas particles bounce around and collide, they spread to fill all available space.

(4) Identify the properties of solids, liquids, and gases: They expand to fill their containers. Their particles are in constant motion. They are easily compressible. They are fluids.

Objective 2 (5) Boyle’s law relates the pressure of a gas to its volume.

Objective 2 (6) Gay-Lussac’s law relates the temperature of a gas to its pressure.

Objective 2 (7) Charles’s law relates the temperature of a gas to its volume.

Objective 2 (8) The three gas laws are named Boyle’s Law, Charles’s Law, and Gay-Lussac’s Law.

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Objective 3 (9) As the temperature of a fixed amount of gas at constant volume decreases, its pressure decreases.

Objective 3 (10) As the volume of a fixed amount of gas at constant temperature decreases, its pressure increases.

Objective 3 (11) As the pressure of a gas at constant temperature decreases, its volume increases.

Objective 3 (12) As the volume of gas at constant pressure decreases, its temperature increases.

Objective 3 (13) As the pressure and volume of a gas decreases, its temperature decreases.

Objective 3 (14) As the pressure and temperature of a fixed amount of gas increases, its volume decreases.

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