1. Solids, Liquids and Gases
Chapter 16

2. Section 1 – Kinetic Theory
States of matter you saw at lunch?
Kinetic Theory – explanation of how particles in matter behave
All matter is composed of small particles (atoms, molecules, ions)

3. Kinetic Theory
Particles in constant, random motion
Particles are colliding
Energy that particles lose from collisions is negligible

4. Average Kinetic Energy
Temperature is measure of average kinetic energy.
Warmer – particles have MORE energy  Move faster
Cooler – particles have LESS energy  Move slower

5. Solid State – H2O
Particles in fixed position

6. Liquid State
Particles in solid gain energy and move faster  break out of fixed position
Melting point: temperature where solid begins to liquefy
Heat of fusion: amount of energy needed to change a solid to liquid

7. Liquids Flow
Particles have energy to break SOME attraction and flow

8. Gas State
Particles have energy to escape ALL attraction

9. Vaporization
Liquid particles gain enough energy to escape to gas phase
Evaporation: vaporization at the surface of liquid, spontaneously
Boiling point: applying heat, temperature at which pressure of vapor is equal to external pressure, liquid to gas
Heat of vaporization: amount of energy needed for liquid to be a gas

10. Gases fill their Container
Diffusion: spreading of particles throughout until they are mixed

11. Heating Curve of a Liquid

12. Heating Curve of a Liquid
a and c – increasing in energy
b and d – energy used to break attraction between particles

13. Plasma Def: consists of positive and negative particles
Very HIGH temperature
Particles moving so fast  e- are stripped off
Lightning, sun, neon lights

14. Thermal Expansion

15. Thermal Expansion Spaces are expansion joints Prevent cracks
Absorbs heat – expands
Cools – shrinks

16. Expansion of Matter
Thermal Expansion: increase in the size of a substance when the temperature is increased
Warmer = less attraction b/ particles = move freer
Cooler = more attraction = closer together

17. Expansion of Matter

18. Expansion of Matter

19. Strange Water Ice is less dense than liquid water
(+) and (-) ends arrange themselves next to each other
Create empty spaces

20. Strange Water

21. Solid or Liquid?
Amorphous Solids: “without” form, change to liquid over range of temperatures
Ex: glass, plastic
Liquid turned to solid too quickly

22. Solid or Liquid
Liquid crystals: change to liquid but don’t lose their ordered form
Ex: liquid crystal display (LCD)  calculators, etc.

23. Properties of Fluids
Section 2

24. How do ships float?
Buoyancy: ability of fluid to exert upward force on object.
If force equal to weight = float

25. Archimedes’ Principle
Def: buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object

26. Density Same size blocks - wood and steel
Displace same amount of water
BUT, wood block floats and steel block sinks
Different densities – object has less density than density of fluid to float

27. Archimedes’ Principle

28. Pascal’s Principle Pressure: force exerted per unit area
Pressure applied to fluid is exerted throughout the fluid
Used in hydraulic lifts – use your weight to lift something much heavier

29. Bernoulli’s Principle
Def: as velocity of fluid increases  pressure of fluid decreases

30. Fluid Flow Viscosity: the resistance of a fluid to flow
Syrup – high viscosity
Water – low viscosity

31. Behavior of Gases
Section 3

32. Pressure Result of gas particle collisions with the container
More collisions = More pressure
Pressure unit = Pascal (Pa)
How do we get high pressure?

33. Boyle’s Law Relationship between pressure and volume
 volume, size of container, what will pressure do?
Pressure 
Inversely related: as one goes  the other goes  , or vice versa

34. Charles’s Law Relationship between volume and temperature
“Keep away from heat” on pressurized can
 temperature what will volume do?
 volume
Directly related: as one goes  the other goes , or vice versa

35. Kelvin Scale All (+) numbers
0K = absolute zero – all particle motion stops
0K = -273oC
K = oC + 273