1. 16.1 Kinetic Theory States of Matter: solid, liquid, gas, plasma
1) All matter is composed of small particles
2) Particles are in constant motion
3) Particles collide with each other and their surroundings
Thermal Energy: total energy of a material’s particles, causes particles to vibrate in place.
Average Kinetic Energy: temperature of a substance, or how fast the particles are moving; the lower the temperature, the slower the particle motion.

2. States of Matter Solids (definite volume and shape)
Liquids (definite volume, no definite shape)
Gases (no definite volume or shape)
Plasma (high-temperature gas)

3. Behavior of Matter Solids: Particles vibrate around fixed positions.
Have definite shape and volume.
Liquids:
Particles can move around one another.
Have definite volume, and no definite Shape.
Gases
Particles are totally free to move.
Have no definite shape or volume.
Diffusion – gas particles spreading evenly throughout a container.

4. From solid to liquid:
Melting point – temperature at which a solid begins to liquefy.
Heat of Fusion – energy required to reach the melting point.
From liquid to gas:
Boiling point – the pressure of a liquids vapor is equal to the pressure of the atmosphere
Heat of vaporization – energy required for a liquid to change to a gas.
From liquid to solid:
Thermal expansion – size of a substance increases as the temperature increases. Water is an exception.

5. 16.2 Properties of Fluids How do ships float?
Ships can float because a greater force is pushing up on the ship than the weight of the ship pushing down.
Buoyancy is the ability of a fluid to exert an upward force on an object immersed in it.
If the hull of the ship is filled with air, the ship will float.

6. Archimedes/Density Archimedes Principle
- This principle states that the buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid dispersed by the object.
Density (D = M / V)
- If the density of an object is greater than the density of the water the object will sink. To keep a boat afloat, you must make the hull able to fill with air. The density of air is less than water.

7. Pascal’s Priniciple Pascal’s Principle
- This principle states pressure applied to a fluid is transferred throughout the fluid. Pressure is the force exerted per unit area. You can use this principle with hydraulic lifts.
Another example would be a ketchup or mustard bottle

8. Bernoulli’s Principle
- This principle states that as the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure exerted by the fluid decreases. You can apply this principle to how wings work for airplanes and birds.

9. Fluid Flow
Fluid Flow
- Viscosity is the resistance to flow by a fluid. If you raise the temperature of a substance it will have a lower viscosity.