1. Chapter 3 States of Matter

2. Section 1: Matter and Energy Kinetic Theory  All matter is made of atoms and molecules that act like particles  The particles are always in motion, the higher the temperature, the faster they move motion  More massive particles move slower than less massive

3. States of Matter States of Matter Particlesenergyshapevolume SolidsLiquidsGases

4. Plasma  4 th state of matter  Most common in the universe  Found in stars and lightning  Electrically charged broken particles

5. Energy  Energy is conserved  Temperature measures kinetic energy  Phase changes occur when energy is absorbed or released Absorb: vaporization, melting, sublimation Absorb: vaporization, melting, sublimation Absorb Release: freezing, condensation Release: freezing, condensation

7. Section 2: Fluids Fluids are liquids and gases

8. Buoyancy  Buoyant force: Buoyant force Buoyant force the upward force that fluids exert on matter the upward force that fluids exert on matter A result of pressure which is the amount of force exerted on a given area A result of pressure which is the amount of force exerted on a given area Pressure increases as depth increases Pressure increases as depth increases Objects float in a liquid or gas when the upward force is greater than the downward force Objects float in a liquid or gas when the upward force is greater than the downward force

9. Archimedes’ Principle  The buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid that the object displaces  And so, objects more dense than a fluid will sink and less dense will float. dense  The shape of an object can change its buoyancy

10. Fluids and Pressure  Fluids exert pressure Pressure = Force/Area, p=f/A Pressure = Force/Area, p=f/A units are pascals (Pa) units are pascals (Pa)  Fluids exert pressure evenly in all directions  Pascal’s principle: a change of pressure at any point in an enclosed fluid will be transmitted equally to all parts of the fluid: p 1 =p 2 Hydraulic devices Hydraulic devices make use of Pascal’s principle in using liquids (eg, oils) to multiply forces Hydraulic devices

11. Fluids in Motion  Fluids move faster through smaller areas than large ones if the overall flow rate remains the same Like a garden hose or blood through vesselsLike a garden hose or blood through vessels  Viscosity is a liquid’s resistance to flow: Honey has a higher viscosity than water Honey has a higher viscosity than water  Bernoulli’s Principle: as the speed of a moving fluid increases, the pressure of the moving fluid decreases Bernoulli’s Principle Bernoulli’s Principle

12. Section 3  Behavior of Gases

13. Properties of gases  No definite shape or volume, fill their containers  Particles move rapidly in all directions  Gases are fluids  Molecules are in constant motion, colliding with each other and walls of container (exerting pressure on container)  Have very low density, mostly empty space  Are compressible  Spread out easily and mix with one another

14. Gas Laws: Boyle’s Law Boyle’s LawBoyle’s Law  The volume of a gas decreases as the pressure on the gas increases (at constant temperatures). (Pressure 1 )(volume 1 ) = (Pressure 2 )(volume 2 ) P 1 V 1 =P 2 V 2

15. Gas Laws: More  Charles’s Law: The volume of a gas increases as the temperature of the gas increases (at constant pressure) Charles’s Law Charles’s Law Volume 1 = Volume 2 Temperature 1 Temperature 2  Gay-Lussac’s Law: The pressure of a gas increases as the temperature of the gas increases (for a given volume).